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VIC9;Y ( ,YOSEMITE ,N,NALR ,P>Kr AL"O1 ATTE/+ 6! -PLEX;Y ( :AT WASR ONCEr ?"\ 6BE A RELATIVELY SIMPLE BA?OLI?ICRr SETT+4 ,EMPLACE;T (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADAr BA?OLI?R AT DEP? MAY H TAK5 Z L;G Z #ACJr MILLION YE>S4RNRNR RNRNR ,FIVE M9]ALSr -POSE ! BULK (! PLUTONICR ROCKS (!r BA?OLI?3 QU>TZ1 TWO V>IETIES (R FELDSP>r 7POTASSIUM FELDSP> & PLAGIOCLASE71r BIOTITE1 &R HORNBL5DE4 ,ALL 3TA9 !r ELE;TS SILICON &R OXYG51 & ALL EXCEPTr QU>TZ 3TA9 ALUM9UM ASR WELL4 ,O!Rr 3/ITU5TS (! FELDSP>S 9CLUD] POTASSIUM1r SODIUM1 & CALCIUM2 GRE5I%-BLACKRr HORNBL5DE &! BLACK MICA1 BIOTITE1 ALr 3TA9R MAGNESIUM & IRON4 ,!R SEC;N ONr -MON M9]ALS 9 GRANIT] PROVIDES CLUES ONr H[ 6ID5TIFYR ^! M9]ALS4RNRNR RNRNRr ,PLUTONIC ROCKS 3SI/+ *IEFLY ( QU>TZ &r FELDSP>1R ) ONLY A M9OR AM.T ( D>Kr M9]ALS1 >] LOOSELY CALL$ GRANITIC ROCKS4r ,GRANITIC ROCKS1 S* ASR GRANITE1r GRANODIORITE1 & TONALITE1 DI6] #ddr PRIM>ILY 9R ! RELATIVE PROPOR;NS ( ^!r M9]ALSR 7FIG4 #I74;R ,=R EXAMPLE1r GRANITE1 9 ! TE*NICAL S5SE (! T]M1Rr 3TA9S M* QU>TZ & BO? POTASSIUM FELDSP>r &R CALCIUM-RI* FELDSP> 7PLAGIOCLASE74 ,9r \TCROP1 X ISR G5],Y DI6ICULT 64T+UI% !r RELATIVE P]C5TAGESR T POTASSIUM FELDSP>r & PLAGIOCLASE4 ,9 ! LABORATORY1R !r FELDSP>S C 2 4T+UI%$ 0APPLY+ *EMICALSR Tr /A9 POTASSIUM FELDSP> YELL[1 PLAGIOCLASEr R$1R & L1VE QU>TZ UNCOLOR$R 7FIG4r #AJ74;R ,0? M1NS1 !R RELATIVE P]C5TAGESr (! ?REE M9]ALS C 2 DET]M9$R EASILY4RNRNRr R RNRNR R ,7,EL ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE7'RRNRr ,7,EL ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE7'RRNR R R R RRNRr R R ,,EL ,,CAPITAN ,,GRANITE4 ,A1r ,FRE%LY BROK5 SURFACE ( !R ROCK4 ,B1r ,ROCK SURFACE *EMIC,Y ET*$ & /A9$ TOr DI6]5TIAT] POTASSIUM FELDSP> 7ORANGEr YELL[71 PLAGIOCLASE 7R$71 &R QU>TZr 7UNCOLOR$74R 7,FIG4 #AJ7;R R R RRNRr RNRNR ,GRANODIORIT] 7FIG4 #AA7;R ISr SIMIL> 6GRANITE B 3TA9SR AB TWICE Z M*r PLAGIOCLASE Z POTASSIUMR FELDSP>4r ,TONALITE 3TA9S EV5 LESS POTASSIUM #der FELDSP>4R ,9 A4I;N 6QU>TZ & FELDSP>1 D>Kr M9]ALS1 S*R Z HORNBL5DE & BIOTITE1 FUR!Rr "*IZE 9DIVIDUALR PLUTONIC-ROCK TYPES1 Zr IS -MONLY 9DICAT$ )R MODIFI$ "NS1 S* Zr HORNBL5DE GRANODIORITE &R BIOTITEr GRANODIORITE4 ,D>K M9]ALS >E G5],Y MOR]r ABUNDANT ": POTASSIUM FELDSP> IS SC>CE1r & ?USR GRANODIORITE T5DS 6BE D>K] ?ANr GRANITE1 & MO/R TONALITE EV5 D>K]4RNRNRr R R R R R R RNRNR R ,7,V>IETIES (r GRANODIORITE3 ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE7'RRNR ,7,V>IETIES (r GRANODIORITE3 ,S5T9ELr ,GRANODIORITE7'RRNR R R R R RRNR Rr ,7,V>IETIES ( GRANODIORITE3 ,L1N+ ,T[]r ,GRANODIORITE7'RRNR ,7,V>IETIES (r GRANODIORITE3 ,BRIDALVEILr ,GRANODIORITE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,V>IETIES ,,( ,,GRANODIORITE4 ,ALL ^!r GRANODIORITESR H AB ! SAME M9]AL -POSI;Nr B DI6] 9 TEXTURE3R ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE 7,A7 3TA9S L>GE1 WELL-=M$Rr HORNBL5DE CRY/ALS2 ,S5T9EL ,GRANODIORITEr 7,B7 3TA9S BO?R BIOTITE & HORNBL5DE 9r POORLY =M$ CRY/ALS2 ,L1N+ ,T[]R #dfr ,GRANODIORITE 7,C7 HAS A SPOTT$ APPE>.Er F R.D$ CLOTS (R D>K M9]ALS2 &r ,BRIDALVEIL ,GRANODIORITE 7,D7 HAS Ar SALT-&-PEPP]R APPE>.E F F9E1 EV5LYr 4TRIBUT$ LIKR M9]ALS4R 7,FIG4r #AA7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,9 3TRA/ 6GRANITICr ROCKS1 QU>TZ DIORITE1 DIORITE1R & GA2ROr 3TA9 MO/LY PLAGIOCLASE & D>K M9]ALS1R )r LL OR NO QU>TZ OR POTASSIUM FELDSP>Rr 7FIGS4R #I1 #AB74;R ,9 A4I;N1 !r PLAGIOCLASE 9 GA2RO 3TA9SR M CALCIUM ?ANr ! PLAGIOCLASE 9 DIORITE4 ,S*R PLUTONICr ROCKS POOR 9 QU>TZ >E SP>SE 9 !r ,YOSEMIT] >EA & G5],Y O3UR Z SMALL1r IRREGUL> MASSES &R DIKES%EETLIKE MASSES(r QU>TZ DIORITE OR DIORITE2R !Y G5],Y >Er D>K GRAY & -MONLY >E F9] GRA9$1 ) FEWr M9]ALS R1DILY RECOGNIZA# 6!R NAK$r EYE4RNRNR R RNRNR R ,7,DIORITE7'RRNR R Rr R RRNR R R ,,DIORITE IS MO/LYr PLAGIOCLASE & D>K M9]ALS1 ) LLRRNR QU>TZr & POTASSIUM FELDSP>4R 7,FIG4 #AB7;R Rr RRNR RNRNR ,LITZ &R POTASSIUM FELDSP>1 ALr =MS IRREGUL> MASSES &R DIKES4 ,? #dgr ROCK O3URS BO? )A F9E-GRA9$ TEXTUR1PLIT]r 7FIG4 #AC7;R &)A V CO>SE GRA9$Rr TEXTUREPEGMATIT$ISPLAY+ L>GE1 9T]GR[NR Rr R R QU>TZ & POTASSIUM FELDSP> CRY/ALS4r ,A F9E EXAMPL] ( PEGMATITE IS VISI# Ar %ORT 4T.E D[N !R ,POHONO ,TRAIL 6,TAFTr ,PO9T F ! ,GLACI] ,PO9TR ,ROAD4RNRNR Rr RNRNR R ,7,DIKE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,DIKE ( LITZr &RRNR POTASSIUM FELDSP>4R 7,FIG4 #AC7;Rr R RRNR RNRNR ,MO/ GRANITIC ROCKS 3TA9r M9]AL GRA9S (R AB EQUAL SIZE & >E SD 6Hr A GRANUL>R TEXTURE4 ,"S GRANITES1 H["E1r & _M VOLCANICR ROCKS H CRY/ALS ( "Or M9]AL 3SID]ABLY L>G]R ?AN ! O!RS2 ^!r OV]SIZ$ CRY/ALS >E CALL$R PH5OCRY/S 7F !r ,GREEK ^WS M1N+ TOR APPE> & CRY/AL71 &!r TEXTURE ( S* A ROCKR IS DESCRIB$ Zr PORPHYRITIC4 ,9 ,SI]RAN GRANITES1 !R MO/r -MON M9]AL 6O3UR Z PH5OCRY/S ISRr POTASSIUM FELDSP>1 9 CRY/ALS -MONLY Z M*r ASR #B 6#C IN4 L;GR 7FIG4 #AD74;RNRNRr RRNR RNRNR R ,7,PORPHYRITIC #dhr TEXTURE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,PORPHYRITIC ,,TEXTURE 9 ,CA!DRAL ,P1Kr ,GRANODIORITE1RRNR ) POTASSIUM FELDSP>r PH5OCRY/S M* L>G] ?AN !RRNR O!R M9]ALS 9r ! ROCK MATRIX4R 7,FIG4 #AD7;R R RRNR Rr RNRNR ,R.D$ 9CLU.NS ( D>K1 F9E-GRA9$r DIORITICR MAT]IAL >E -MON 9 GRANITICr ROCKS1 MO/ -MONLYR 9 GRANODIORITES &r TONALITES4 ,G5],Y PANCAK] OR FOOTBALLr %AP$1 ! 9CLU.NS RANGE 9 SIZ] F A FEWr 9*ES 6_M FEET ACR4 ,X IS NOTR UNCOMMON =r ALL ! 9CLU.NS )9 AN >EA TOR H _! L;Gr DIM5.NS >RANG$ 9 ! SAM] DIREC;N1 L Ar S*OOL ( FI%R 7FIG4 #AE74;R ,AN EXCELL5TRr EXAMPLE O3URS AT ! ,YOSEMITE ,FALLSr OV]LOOK ON !R NOR? RIM (! VALLEY4 ,!r ORIG9 ( ^! 9CLU.NSR IS UNC]TA94 ,"Sr PROBABLY 7 DERIV$ FROMR PREEXI/+ ROCK2r O!RS MAY 2 DERIV$ F GLOBULESR ( D>K]r MAGMA T 2C ( _! HI< MELT+R TEMP]ATURE 7r *ILL$ 0! GRANITIC MAGM> R ?AN 2+ DIGE/$r 96X4 ,H["E1 !R %APE (! 9CLU.NS SU7E/S T1r :AT"E _!R ORIG91 !Y 7 AT L1/ "PI,Yr PLA/IC :ILE SUSP5D$R 9 ! MAGMA & T !Y 7r /RET*$R & GIV5 _! P>ALLELISM BY #dir MOVE;T )9 !R MAGMA4RNRNR RNRNR ,3C5TR,NSr ( D>K M9]ALS "S"TS =MR WAVY1 4CONT9U\Sr /R1KS & LAY]S1 ESPECI,YR NE> ! \T] M>G9Sr ( 9DIVIDUAL PLUTONS4 ,!S] LAY]S1 CALL$r S*LI]5 7,G]MAN = /R1KS71 PROBABLYRr REPRES5T CLU/]+ ( D>K M9]ALS E>LY DUR+r !R CRY/ALLIZ,N (! MAGMA1 ) ALIGN;T 9Rr /R1KS CAUS$ 0MOVE;T )9 ! "PI,YRr SOLIDIFI$ MAGM> 7FIG4 #AF74;R ,! -MONLYr ABRUPTR T]M9,N ( "O SET ( LAY]S 0ANO!Rr SET SU7E/SR REP1T$ PULSES ( MOVE;T 9 Ar MAGMA MU%4RNRNR R R R RNRNR R ,7,ALIGN$r D>K DIORITE 9CLU.NS7'RRNR R R R R Rr ,,ALIGN$ ,,D>K ,,DIORITICRRNR ,,9CLU.NSr 9 GRANODIORITE4RRNR ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,DALLASr ,L4 ,PECK4RRNR 7,FIG4 #AE7;R R R R RRNRr R ,7,S*LI]57'RRNR R R R R Rr ,,S*LI]5/R1KS OR LAY]SRRNR =M$ 0CLU/]+ (r D>K M9]ALSRRNR DUR+ DI6]5TIAL FL[ )9r !RRNR "PI,Y SOLIDIFI$ MAGMA4 ,NOT]RNRr P>ALLEL ALIGN;T ( POTASSIUM FELDSP>RRNRr PH5OCRY/S 0! SAME PROCESS2RRNR L>G]r PH5OCRY/S >E AB #B;RRNR IN4 L;G4R 7,FIG4r #AF7;R R RRNR R RNRNR ,9DIVIDUAL BODIESr ( GRANITIC ROCK1 "PICUL>LY L>G] #ejr "OS1 G5],Y V>Y 9 M9]AL MAKEUP & -MONLYRr OV]LAP ! B.D>IES 2T SPECIFIC ROCKr CLASSIFIC,NS4R ,BODIES ( GRANITIC ROCKr MAY AL OV]LAP EA*R O*]S -POSI;NALr RANGES1 & S -POSI;N ISR ONLY "O FACTOR 9r ! RECOGNI;N ( SEP>ATE ROCKR R R Rr BODIES4 ,! *IEF 4T+UI%+ PROP]TY MAY 2 !Rr PRES;E OR ABS;E ( SPECIFIC M9]ALS1 S* Zr BIOTITE1R HORNBL5DE1 OR SPH5E4 ,OR X MAYr 2 ! G5]ALR PHYSICAL APPE>.E DEF9$ 0!r TEXTURE ( !R ROCK! SIZE1 %APE1 &r >RANGE;T 7R&OM ORR ORI5T$7 (! M9]ALSRr 7FIG4 #AA74;R ,A PORPHYRITIC TEXTUR] ISr "PICUL>LY USE;L 2C X IS PREVAL5T 9 ONLYRr A FEW PLUTONS 9 ! ,YOSEMITE >EA4 ,!r PRES;E ORR ABS;E ( D>K 9CLU.NS MAY ALr "*IZE A ROCKR BODY4RNRNR R RNRNR ,K (!r AGE REL,NS AM;G PLUTONS ISR ESS5TIAL TOr "U/&+ ! GEOLOGIC HI/ORY ( !R R ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA BA?OLI?4 ,C]TA9 F1TURES OBS]V$r 9R \TCROP HELP DET]M9E ! RELATIVE AGES (r 9DIVIDUALR ROCK BODIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 "Y]r MAGMA -MONLYR %OOTS ?9 %EETS1 OR DIKES1r 96CRACKS 9 ! OLD]R ROCKSR 7FIG4r #AG;,A74R ,A4I;N,Y1 "S (! "Y]R #ear PLUTONS 3TA9 9CLU.NS1 OR FRAG;TS ( OLD]Rr ROCK1 : 7 EMB$D$ 9 ! "Y] ROCKR :ILE X 0r / MOLT5R 7FIG4 #AG;,B74R ,": D>KRr 9CLU.NS OR O!R ORI5T$ /RUCTURES >Er PRES5T1R ! 3TACT 2T TWO ROCK BODIES MAYr TRUNCAT] /RUCTURES 9 ! OLD] BODY1 :ILEr SIMIL> F1TURES 9R ! "Y] ROCK MAY P>ALLELr ! 3TACTR 7FIG4 #AG;,C74R R R R ,DET]M9+r ! ABSOLUTE AGE (A GIV5 GRANITICR ROCK1 9r MILLIONS ( YE>S1 REQUIRES M1SURE;T (R !r EXT5T ( RADIOACTIVE DECAY ( C]TA9r ELE;TS1R S* Z URANIUM1 POTASSIUM1 &r RUBIDIUM4 ,FROMR S* M1SURE;TS &! "KNr RATES ( DECAY1 W] C APPROXIMATELYr DET]M9E ! "T ELAPS$ S9C] ! ROCKr CRY/ALLIZ$ OR COOL$ 5 6/OP ESCAP] (!r DAUATE 9DIVIDUAL BODIES ( S*Rr ROCK & 6DEPICT !M ON GEOLOGIC MAPS S Zr TOR %[ _! REL,NS 6EA* O!R & TOr NONPLUTONICR ROCKS ) : !Y >E 9 3TACT4r ,ONCE E/ABLI%$R 0FIELD /UDY1 ! B.D>IES (r ^! 9DIVIDUALR PLUTONIC-ROCK #ebr BODIESPLUTONSCAN 2 PLOTT$R ON A MAP1 &r ^! ROCK BODIES 2COME GEOLOGICR MAPr UNITS4 ,AF FUR!R /UDY1 ! GEOLOGI/ MAYRr DECIDE T TWO OR M NE>BY BODIES (r PLUTONICR ROCK EXPOS$ ON ! ,E>?S SURFACEr >E SIMIL> 9 ALLR ESS5TIAL RESPECTS1r 9CLUD+ "KN OR 9F]R$ AGE4R ,EV5 ?\< !Yr MAY N 2 3NECT$ AT !R ,E>?S SURFACE1 !r GEOLOGI/ MAY ?US -B9E S"EALR MASSES (r SIMIL> PLUTONIC ROCK 96A S+L] GEOLOGICr MAP UNIT1 9F]R+ T !Y >E "SH[R 3NECT$ 2Lr ! SURFACE & REPRES5T A S+L] 9TRUSIVEr EPISODE4 ,? GR\P+ ( ISOLAT$ BODIES (Rr RELAT$ PLUTONIC ROCK 96A S+LE GEOLOGICr MAP UNITR IS ANALOG\S 6! GR\P+ (r 4CONT9U\SR EXPOSURES ( SIMIL> S$I;T>Yr ROCK 96=M,NS1R S* Z ! ,COCON9O ,S&/"O &r !R ,KAIBAB ,LIME/"O1 : >E WELL EXPOS$ 9r !R ,GR& ,CANYON REGION4 ,= EASE (r REF];E1 !R PLUTONIC-ROCK UNITS LIKEWISEr >E G5],Y "ND =R AN APPROPRIATEr GEOGRAPHIC F1TURE1 PLUS A -POSI;NALRr T]M3 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,EL ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE1r !R ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE1 &!r GRANODIORITE (R ,KUNA ,CRE/4RNRNR R #ecr R R RNRNR R ,7,F1TURES SE5 9r \TCROP7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,F1TURESr ,,SE5 ,,9 ,,\TCROP T HELP DET]M9E !RRNRr RELATIVE AGES ( PLUTONIC ROCKS3 #J1 OLD]r PLUTON2 ,Y1 "Y] PLUTON4RRNR 7,FIG4r #AG7;R R RRNR R R RNRN,GRANITIC ,ROCKS (r ,YOSEMIT5RNR RNRNR ,! PLUTONIC ROCKS (r ,YOSEMITE H BE5 MAPP$R & /UDI$ 9 3SID]A#r DETAIL4 ,FEW ( ^? DETAILSR C 2 %[N ON !r G5]ALIZ$ GEOLOGIC MAP 9 ?ISR VOLUME 7PL4r #A71 B > R GEOLOGIC MAP AT A M* L>G]Rr SCALE IS AVAILA#R 7,HUB] & O!RS1 9r PRESSR ,7,$ITORS NOTE3R #AIHI;DEA7'74Rr ,ON ?ATR MAP1 ! GRANITIC ROCKS (!r ,YOSEMITE >EA >E SEP>AT$R 96NE>LY #EJr DI6]5T PLUTONIC-ROCK UNITS1 EA*R 3SI/+ (r "O OR M 9DIVIDUAL BODIES ( ROCK4 ,ANRr EV5 L>G] SCALE GEOLOGIC MAP IS AVAILA# =r ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY 7,CALK9S1 #AIHE2 SEEr SEC;N ABV 5TITL$R ,GEOLOGIC ,MAPS (r ,YOSEMITE74RNRNR RNRNR ,"S PLUTONIC-ROCKr UNITS >E FUR!R GR\P$ 9TOR 9TRUSIVEr SUITES4 ,! 3CEPT "ULY+ AN 9TRUSIV] SUITEr IS T ALL ! ROCKS 9 ! SUITE RESULT$ F !Rr SAME MAGMA-PRODUC+ EV5T4 ,GEOLOGI/S #edr >E MO/ SUR] (A -MON ANCE/RY IF ! ROCKS 9r A SUITE GRADE 9TOR EA* O!R4 ,S* SUITESr -MONLY >E ZON$1 BO?R -POSI;N,Y &r TEXTUR,Y1 & G5],Y EXHIBITR "PIAL ORr -PLETE NE/$ PATT]NS 9 : RELATIVELYR D>Kr ROCK 9 ! M>G9S GIVES WAY 9W>D 6"Y]1Rr LIE 2LIEV$ TOR RESULT F MODIFIC,NS (Ar -MON P>5T MAGMA4R ,EXAMPLES 9CLUDE !r ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIVE ,SUITE1 !R F/r 9TRUSIVE SUITE 6BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ! ,SI]R>r ,NEVADA1 &! 9TRUSIVE SUITE ( ,BU5A ,VI/Ar ,CRE/4R ,! GEOLOGIC MAP 7PL4 #A7 GR\PSr MO/ PLUTONIC-ROCKR UNITS 969TRUSIVEr SUITES & ?US PROVIDES A BROAD]R PICTUREr (! MAJOR PULSES ( PLUTONIC ACTIV;Y ?ATRr 3TRIBUT$ 6! 3/RUC;N (! ,SI]RA ,NEVAD>r BA?OLI?4 ,! M DETAIL$ GEOLOGIC MAP (r ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY 7PL4 #B7 DEL91TES Nr ONLY 9TRUSIVE SUITES BUTR AL -PON5Tr UNITS (! SUITES4RNRNR RNRNR ,ALL !r PLUTONIC ROCKS )9 ,YOSEMITE ,N,NALR ,P>Kr PROP] >E 2LIEV$ 6BE ( ,CRETACE\S AGE1 )Rr ! POSSI# EXCEP;N ( "S SMALL BODIES #eer ( DIORIT] & GA2RO T MAY 2 "S:AT OLD]4r ,"S ,JURASSICR PLUTONIC ROCK DOES O3UR Jr WE/ (! P>K1 WE/ (R ! ,BIG ,OAK ,FLATr 5TR.E1 & "S ,TRIASSIC PLUTONICR ROCKr O3URS EA/ (! P>K 9 ,LEE ,V9+ & ,LUNDYRr ,CANYONS4 ,^! ROCKS >E 9CLUD$ )r ,PLUTONICR ROCKS1 UNASSIGN$ 6SUITES ONr PLATE #A & >E %[NR 9DIVIDU,Y ONLY ON !Rr R L>G] SCALE GEOLOGIC MAPR PUBLI%$r SEP>ATELYR 7,HUB] & O!RS1 9 PRESSRr ,7,$ITORS NOTE3R #AIHI;DEA7'74RNRNRr RNRNR ,EXAMPLES ( _M (! "ND ROCK TYPESr 9R ,YOSEMITE >E 4PLAY$ AT ! ,VALLEYr ,VISITOR ,C5T]1R ": !Y MAY EASILY 2r -P>$2 !Y >E NEXTR DESCRIB$ = TWO R1DILYr A3ESSI# >1S 9 ! P>K1R ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYr &! ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S >EA4RNRNR R R R R Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,7,BIRD'S-EYE VIEW (r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY7'RRNRRNR R R R R Rr ,,BIRDS-EYE ,,VIEWRRNR ,,( ,,YOSEMIT]RNRr ,,VALLEY1 ) SELECT$RRNR L&=MSr ID5TIFI$4RRNR 7,FIG4 #AH7;R R RRNR R R Rr RNRN,,YOSEMITE ,,VALLEY ,,>1NRNR RNRNRr ,! OLDE/ PLUTONIC ROCKS (! ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY >E> -POSE ! WALLS ( ,M]C$ #efr ,GORGE &! WE/ 5DR (! VALLEY4 ,!Y 9CLUDEr ! DIORITE (! ,ROCKSLIDES1R !r GRANODIORITE ( ,>* ,ROCK1 &! TONALIT] (!r ,GATEWAY 7PL4 #B74 ,! L>GE/ \TCROP (r DIORITE ISR J WE/ (! ,ROCKSLIDESR 7FIG4r #AH71;R B ! TALUS SLOPESR 2L1 -POS$ (r BROK5 BLOCKS ( DIORITE1 >E MOR] A3ESSI#4r ,A GD EXPOSURE (! GRANODIORITE ( ,>*Rr ,ROCK C 2 SE5 IMMLY EA/ (! ,>* ,ROCKRr ,5TR.E ,/,N ON ! ,EL ,PORTAL ,ROADr 7,R\TE #ADJ71;R ": ! ROAD PASSES "U TWOr L>GE FALL5 BLOCKS (R ! GRANODIORITE 7P>Kr VEHICLES NE> ! 5TR.E /,N74R ,! TONALITEr (! ,GATEWAY C 2 SE5 AL;GR ! ,EL ,PORTALr ,ROAD ACR F ! F/ TURN\T AF !R ROAD />TSr CLIMB+ UP ! ,M]C$ ,GORGE EA/W>DR F ,ELr ,PORTAL2 ^! LA/ TWO LOC,NS >E WE/ ( !Rr MAP >EA %[N 9 PLATE #B4 ,/UDIES (r RADIOMETRIC DECAYR 9DICATE T ! TONALITEr (! ,GATEWAY IS AB #AAD;R MILLION YE>Sr OLD4 ,! RADIOMETRIC AGE (! GRANODIORIT]r ( ,>* ,ROCK HAS N BE5 DET]M9$1 B ITRr PROBABLY IS ONLY A LL "Y] ?AN T ( !Rr ,GATEWAY4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,EL ,CAPITANr ,GRANITE SUBSEQU5TLY 9TRUD$ !S] #egr OLD] PLUTONIC ROCKS AB #AJH MILLION YE>Sr AGO &R R N[ MAKES UP ! BULK (! WE/ HALFr (! VALLEYR >EA4 ,AB #D KM EA/ (! ,>*r ,ROCK ,5TR.ER ,/,N1 ! ,EL ,PORTAL ,ROADr CUTS "? BLOCKS ( ,ELR ,CAPITAN ,GRANITEr 4LODG$ 9 A #AIHB ROCKFALL4 ,!S] BLOCKS1r "S ! SIZE (A SMALL H\SE1 4PLAY FRE%Rr SURFACES (! GRANIT] 7FIG4 #AJ2;R SE]r FIG4 #DH71;R Z WELL ASR NUM]\S 9CLU.NS (r D>K-COLOR$ ROCK4 ,! IMPOS+R MONOLI?S (r ,TURTLEBACK ,DOME1 ,EL ,CAPITAN1 ,?RE]r ,BRO!RS1 & ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS AL >E HEWNr *IEFLYR F MASSIVE ,EL ,CAPITANr ,GRANITE4RNRNR RNRNR ,AF ! ,EL ,CAPITANr ,GRANITE 0 EMPLAC$1 ! ,TAFTR ,GRANITEr WELL$ UP & 9TRUD$ ! ,EL ,CAPITAN4r ,DIKESR ( ,TAFT ,GRANITE 9VAD+ ,ELr ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE & 9CLU.NSR ( ,ELr ,CAPITAN 9 ,TAFT E/ABLI% ! ,TAFT ASRr "Y]4 ,! TWO ROCKS >E SIMIL>1 B ,TAFTr ,GRANITE ISR LI ,! ,FISSURES1 J EA/ ( ,TAFTr ,PO9T4RNRNR RNRNR ,9 ! VIC9;Y ( ,L1N+r ,T[] & ,CA!DRALR ,ROCKS1 DIKES &r IRREGUL> MASSES ( S"EAL F9E-GRA9$R ROCKSr CUT ! ,TAFT & ,EL ,CAPITAN ,GRANITES4r ,EXAMPLESR ( ^! F9E-GRA9$ ROCKS C 2 SE5r 9 BLOCKY RUB#R R R R NE> ! BASE (r ,BRIDALVEIL ,FALL4 ,! ,L1N+ ,T[]Rr ,GRANODIORITE "*I/IC,Y 3TA9S R.D$ CLOTSRr ( D>K M9]ALS T GIVE X A SPOTT$ APPE>.ERr 7FIG4 #AA;,C74R ,! ,BRIDALVEILr ,GRANODIORITE1 : 3TA9SR F9E1 EV5LYr 4TRIBUT$1 LIK M9]ALS1 HASR Ar SALT-&-PEPP] APPE>.ER 7FIG4 #AA;,D72Rr F1TURES SE5R 9 \TCROP %[ T X 9TRUD$r NE>LY ALL ! ROCKSR : X N[ 3TACTS4RNRNRr RNRNR ,D>K1 F9E-GRA9$ DIORITE AL 9TRUDESr ! ,ELR ,CAPITAN & ,TAFT ,GRANITES4 ,Ar /RIK+ EXAMPLE ISR EXPOS$ ON ! EA/ FACE (r ,EL ,CAPITAN1 ": DIKESR ( DIORITE =M ANr IRREGUL> PATT]N T1 9 "P1 V]YR CRUDELYr RESEM#S A MAP ( ,NOR? ,AM]IC> 7FIG4 #eir #AI74;RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,S5T9ELr ,GRANODIORITE =MS A NOR?-S\? B&R Tr CROSSES ! VALLEY 2T ,TAFT ,PO9T &r ,GLACI]R ,PO9T4 ,! ROCK V>IES 9 APPE>.Er B IS G5],YR M$IUM GRAY & M$IUM GRA9$Rr 7FIG4 #AA;,B74R ,GIANTR 9CLU.NS ( ,ELr ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE >E EMB$D$R )9 ,S5T9ELr ,GRANODIORITE 9 A Z"O T EXT5DSR AL;Gr ,YOSEMITE ,CREEK & D[N ! FACE (! CLI6Rr NE> ,YOSEMITE ,FALLS4 ,! ,S5T9ELr ,GRANODIORITE REAPPE>SR ON ! S\? VALLEYr WALL WE/ ( ,UNION ,PO9TR & !N EXT5DSr S\?W>D "? ,S5T9EL ,DOM] 6,ILLIL\ETTEr ,RIDGE4 ,DIKES ( ,S5T9EL ,GRANODIORIT] Rr RRNR RNRNR RNRNR ,7,DIORITEr DIKES7'RRNRRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,DIORITEr ,,DIKES ON ! FACE ( ,EL ,CAPITAN2 D>Kr PAT* ISRRNR ?"\ 0"S 6RESEM# A CRUDE MAPr ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4RRNR ,"S LIE AL PRES5T4RRNR 7,FIG4 #AI7;R Rr R RRNR R R R R T CUT 9CLU.NS ( ,ELr ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE C 2 SE5R 9 ! ROADCUTr AL;G ! ,GLACI] ,PO9T ,ROAD NE> !Rr TRAILH1D 6,TAFT ,PO9T4RNRNR RNRNR ,!r ROCK AT ,GLACI] & ,WA%BURN ,PO9TS #fjr IS D>K]R ?AN ,S5T9EL ,GRANODIORITE & HASr A /R1KYR APPE>.E F P>ALLEL-ORI5T$ FLAKESr ( BIOTIT] & RODS ( HORNBL5DE4 ,? D>K]r ROCK1 ONC] ?"\ 6BE "P (! ,S5T9EL & %[N Zr S*R ON E>LI] GEOLOGIC MAPS1 IS N[r ASSIGN$ 6!R GRANODIORITE ( ,KUNAr ,CRE/4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE DOM9ATES ! VALLEYR >EA EA/r ( ,ROYAL ,>*ES & ,GLACI] ,PO9T4 ,X ISRr M$IUM 6CO>SE GRA9$ & 3TA9S WELL-=M$Rr PLATES ( BIOTITE & RODS ( HORNBL5D]r 7FIG4 #AA;,A74R ,AT ,*UR* ,B[L & 9 !r CLIFF WE/ ( ,ROYALR ,>*ES1 HORIZONTALr DIKES ( ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORIT] CUT !r OLD] GRANODIORITE ( ,KUNA ,CRE/4 ,HALFr ,DOM] ,GRANODIORITE =MS ! %E] CLI6S 6!r NOR? (R ! TRAIL 2T ! ,AHWAHNEE ,HOTEL &r ,MIRRORR ,LAKE4 ,! TRAIL 6,V]NAL &r ,NEVADA ,FALLS ALSOR CROSSES "? ,HALFr ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE4 ,EXCEPT =R M9ORr DIKES1 ! ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE1 ABr #HG;R MILLION YE>S OLD1 IS ! "YE/r PLUTONIC ROCK 9R ! VALLEY >EA4RNRNR Rr RRNR RNRN,,TUOLUMNE ,,M1D[S ,,>1NRNRr RNRNR ,! GRANODIORITE ( ,KUNA ,CRE/ #far &! ,HALF ,DOM] ,GRANODIORITE EXPOS$ AT !r EA/ 5D ( ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYR >E TWOr PLUTONIC-ROCK UNITS T MAKE UP ! WE/]NRr M>G9 (! ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIVE ,SUITE4 ,?r SUIT] "ULIES A L>GE "P ( EA/]N ,YOSEMITEr ,N,NAL ,P>KR F UPP] ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY1r ACR ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[SR EA/W>D 6! CRE/ (!r ,SI]RA1 & NOR?W>DR 2Y ! P>K B.D>Y 7PL4r #A74 ,! ,TUOLUMN] ,9TRUSIVE ,SUITE1 "O (r ! BE/ /UDI$ GR\PS (R GRANITIC ROCKS 9 !r ,SI]RA1 3SI/S ( F\R BODIES (R PLUTONICr ROCK1 SEQU5TI,Y EMPLAC$ & "PLY NE/$R "Or )9 ! O!RR 7FIG4 #BJ74;R ,! SUITE IS WELLr EXPOS$R 9 ! >EA C5T]$ ON ,TUOLUMNEr ,M1D[S1 & !R ,TIOGA ,ROAD 7,R\TE #ABJ7r PROVIDES A3ESS 6_M 3SPICU\SR \TCROPS (!r SUITES -PON5TS4RNRNR RNRNR ,! OLDE/ &r D>KE/ PLUTONIC ROCK G5],Y =MSR ! M>G9 (!r SUITE1 &! "YE/ ROCK IS 9 ITSR CORE4 ,!r ROCKS >E1 F OLDE/ 6"YE/3 !R GRANODIORITEr ( ,KUNA ,CRE/ 7AB #IA MILLION YE>Sr OLD71R ! ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE1 !r ,CA!DRAL ,P1KR ,GRANODIORITE 7AB #HFr MILLION YE>S OLD71 & !R ,JOHNSONr ,GRANITE ,PORPHYRY4 ,FIELD REL,NS #fbr 9DICATE ?ATR ! ,JOHNSON ,GRANITEr ,PORPHYRY IS ! "YE/ GRANITICR ROCK 9 !r P>K1 AL? A RADIOMETRIC AGE HAS NOTR R Rr R YET BE5 DET]M9$4 ,! GRANODIORITE (r ,KUNA ,CRE/R NORM,Y O3UPIES ! M>G9 (!r SUITE1 B ON M*R (! P]IMET] ! ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE & !R ,CA!DRAL ,P1Kr ,GRANODIORITE H BROK5 "? !R GRANODIORITEr ( ,KUNA ,CRE/ 6=M ! M>G9AL UNITSR 7FIG4r #BJ74;RNRNR RNRNR ,! OV]ALL 3C5TRICr ZON,N ( ROCK BODIESR )9 ! SUITE1 Z WELLr Z ! OV]ALL *EMICAL SIMIL>ITIESR AM;G !r ROCKS1 SU7E/S T ^! ROCKSR ORIG9AT$ F !r SAME MAGMA *AMB]4 ,? 9F]R$R -MON P>5TAGEr PROVIDES ! R,NALE = GR\P+R ^! ROCKS 96ANr 9TRUSIVE SUITE4 ,! -POSI;NR (! MAGMA1r H["E1 *ANG$ OV] "T3 ! OLD]1R HORNBL5DE-r & BIOTITE-RI* ROCKS AT ! M>G9S GIV] WAYr 6QU>TZ- & POTASSIUM FELDSP>-RI* ROCKSr T[>DR ! C5T]4 ,HORNBL5DE & BIOTITEr CRY/ALLIZE AT HI<]R TEMP]ATURES ?ANr QU>TZ & FELDSP>1 & S DUR+R COOL+ (Ar MAGMA1 ^! D>K M9]ALS G5],YR CRY/ALLIZEr E>LI] ?AN ! LIT$ ATR ! #fcr M>G9S & PROGRESS$ 9W>D OV] "T4RNRNRr RNRNR ,NOR? (! ,TIOGA ,PASS ,5TR.E ,/,N1r ! TRAILR 6,GAYLOR ,LAKES CROSSES OV] !r GRANODIORITE ( ,KUN> ,CRE/1 ! OLDE/ &r D>KE/ ROCK 9 ! ,TUOLUMN] ,9TRUSIVEr ,SUITE4 ,? TRAIL W1VES BACK & =? NE>R !r 3TACT 2T ! GRANODIORITE &! METAMORPHICRr ROCKS T X 9TRUD$4 ,! GRANODIORITE ALSORr 3TA9S _M DISC-%AP$ 9CLU.NS T >E ORI5T$Rr P>ALLEL 6XS 3TACT )! OLD] METAMORPHICRr ROCKS4 ,^! 9CLU.NS 7 PROBABLY /RET*$ &Rr ORI5T$ 0MOVE;T )9 ! MAGMA DUR+ 9TRU.NR &r COOL+4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE1 ! NEXT "YE/R ROCK 9 !r SUITE1 IS 9 3TACT )! GRANODIORITE (Rr ,KUNA ,CRE/ 6! WE/ AL;G ! RIDGE CROSS$r 0!R ,GAYLOR ,LAKES ,TRAIL4 ,! BE/r EXPOSURES (! ,HALFR ,DOME1 H["E1 >Er SURR.D+ ! TURN\T ATR ,OLM/$ ,PO9T WE/ (r ,T5AYA ,LAKE4 ,FRE%1 CL1N \TCROPSR (!r ROCK AB.D AT & ACR F !R TURN\T4 ,HALFr ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE MAKES UP M* (R !r S\?WE/]N "P (! ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIVEr ,SUIT] & 9 S"EAL >1S IS ! M>G9ALr ROCK4RNRNR RNRNR ,H1D+ EA/ T[>D #fdr ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S1 ! ,TIOG> ,ROAD CROSSESr ! 3TACT 2T ! ,HALF ,DOM] ,GRANODIORITE &r ! ,CA!DRAL ,P1K ,GRANODIORITE JU/R EA/ (r ,T5AYA ,LAKE4 ,! 3TACT IS OBSCURE1r H["E1R 2C "H ! ,HALF ,DOME 3TA9S NE>LY Zr _MR POTASSIUM FELDSP> PH5OCRY/S Z DOES !r "Y]R R R RNRNR R ,7,EVOLU;N (! ,TUOLUMNEr 9TRUSIVE SUITE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,EVOLU;N ,,( ,,! ,,TUOLUMNEr ,,9TRUSIV]RNR ,,SUITEA MAP VIEW4RRNRr 7,FIG4 #BJ7;R R RRNR R R R R R ,CA!DRALr ,P1K4 ,POTHOLE & ,LEMB]T ,DOMES1 BO?Rr M>G9AL 6! M1D[S1 >E -POS$ 5TIRELY (Rr ,CA!DRAL ,P1K ,GRANODIORITE4 ,! ROCK (r ^! DOMESR CLE>LY 4PLAYS POTASSIUMr FELDSP> PH5OCRY/S1 -MONLYR Z M* Z #B 6#Cr IN4 L;GR 7FIG4 #AD74;R ,!S] IMPRESSIVEr CRY/ALS /& \ AG/ A M$IUM-GRA9$Rr BACKGR.D4 ,! ,CA!DRAL ,P1K ,GRANODIORITEr =MSR ! L>GE/ PLUTON (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,9TRUSIVE ,SUITE1R EXT5D+ L;G 4T.ES 6!r NOR? & S\? (R ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S4RNRNRr RNRNR ,! "YE/1 SMALLE/1 & MO/ C5TRALr ROCK BODYR IF ! SUITE IS -POS$ (!r ,JOHNSON ,GRANITE ,PORPHYRY4R ,9 A #fer PORPHYRY1 ! 3SPICU\S PH5OCRY/S >] SET 9r A F9] GRA9$ MATRIX ?AN 9 S* PORPHYRITICRr ROCKS Z ! ,CA!DRAL ,P1K ,GRANODIORITE1 &r SOR 9DIVIDUAL M9]AL GRA9S 9 ! MATRIX >Er DI6ICULT TOR ID5TIFY )\T A MICROSCOPE4r ,L[ \TCROPS ( !R PORPHYRY C 2 SE5 9r ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S AL;GR ! ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV]1 ACR F ! /ORE1 & EA/R ( ,SODAr ,SPR+S ON ! NOR? SIDE (! RIV]4 ,!R ROCKr IS V LI PH5OCRY/S )9 Ar F9E-GRA9$R MATRIXR 7FIG4 #BA74;R ,DIKESr ( ,JOHNSON ,GRANITE ,PORPHYRYR 9TRUDEr ,CA!DRAL ,P1K ,GRANODIORITE1 &!r PORPHYRYR XF IS CUT 0LI PH5OCRY/S SETr 9 A F9E-GRA9$ MATRIX4RRNR 7,FIG4 #BA7;Rr R RRNR RNRNR ,! F9E-GRA9$ MATRIX (Ar PORPHYRY REQUIRES ?ATR R "PI,Yr CRY/ALLIZ$ MAGMA 2 QU5*$ OR COOLr RELATIVELYR QKLY4 ,S* 3DI;NS WD RESULT Fr > SU45 REL1SE ( PRESSURE1 Z WD O3UR #ffr IF "S (R ! MAGMA 7 ERUPT$ AT ! ,E>?Sr SURFACE4 ,?US1R VOLCANIC ERUP;NSr PROBABLY A3OMPANI$ F9ALR EMPLACE;T (!r ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIVE ,SUITEA VOLCANICRr CALD]A MAY ONCE H EXI/$ F> ABV :AT ISRr N[ ,JOHNSON ,P1KR 7FIG4 #BB74;R R RRNRr RNRNR R ,7,F9AL /ATES 9 ! EVOLU;N (!r ,TUOLUMNE 9TRUSIVE SUITE7'RRNR R R R R Rr R R ,,F9AL ,,/AGESR ,,9 ,,! ,,EVOLU;NRr ,,( ,,!R ,,TUOLUMNE ,,9TRUSIV] ,,SUITE4Rr ,! ,JOHNSON ,GRANITE ,PORPHYRYR 9TRUDESr ! ,CA!DRALR ,P1K ,GRANODIORIT] & ERUPTSr "? A VOLCANICR CALD]A1 SPEW+R VOLCANICr A% & DEBRISR ONTO ! ,E>?S SURFACE4R ,!r VOLCANIC DEPOSIT &R M* (! "ULY+R ROCK >Er SUBSEQU5TLYR REMOV$ 0ERO.N TOR CR1TE TDSr L& SURFACE4R 7,FIG4 #BB7;R R RRNR R Rr RNRN,,METAMORPHIC ,,ROCKSANCI5TR ,,S$I;Tr ,,& ,,LAVASNRNR RNRNR ,METAMORPHIC ROCKSr >E DERIV$ F PREEXI/+R ROCKS 0M9]ALOGIC &r /RUCTURAL *ANGES 9 RESPONS] 69CR1SES 9r TEMP]ATURE1 PRESSURE1 & %E>+R /RESS ATr DEP? )9 ! ,E>?S CRU/4 ,9 ! ,SI]R>r ,NEVADA1 "S ( ? H1T & PRESSURE 0 SUPPLI$r BYR ! 9TRUD+ GRANITIC ROCKS1 B M* ( #fgr X WASR IMPOS$ SIMPLY 0DEPRESS+ S$I;T>Y &r VOLCANICR ROCKS ONCE EXPOS$ AT ! ,E>?Sr SURFACE D[NW>D TOR DEP?S ": HI<]r TEMP]ATURE & PRESSURE >E !R NORMALr 5VIRON;T4 ,! METAMORPHIC ROCKS 9 !Rr ,YOSEMITE >EA 7 DERIV$ F A GRT V>IETY (Rr S$I;T>Y & VOLCANIC ROCKS & ?US EXHIBIT Ar GRTR V>IETY 9 !MVS4 ,"S ROCKS H BE5r ONLYR MILDLY METAMORPHOS$ & / RETA9r ORIG9AL /RUCTURES1R S* Z S$I;T>Y LAY]+1r T HELP 6ID5TIFYR ! NATURE (! ORIG9ALr ROCK4 ,O!RS H BE5R S /R;GLY DE=M$ &r RECRY/ALLIZ$ T ORIG9ALR TEXTURES &r /RUCTURES H BE5 DE/ROY$1 & DET]M9,NR (!r ORIG9AL ROCK TYPE IS DI6ICULT4RNRNRr RNRNR ,METAMORPHOS$ S$I;T>Y ROCKS 9 !r ,YOSEMIT] >EA 9CLUDE ROCKS T 7 ORIG9,Yr S&/"O &R SILT/"O1 3GLOM]ATE1 LIME/"O1r %ALE1 & *]T4R ,METAMORPHOS$ VOLCANICr ROCKS 9 ! ,YOSEMITE >E> 9CLUDE ^? DERIV$r F LAVA FL[S & V>I\S TYPESR ( PYROCLA/ICr ROCK/HOSE =M$ F VIOL5TLYR ERUPT$r VOLCANIC DEBRIS4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ROCKS 96:r ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA BA?OLI?R 0 EMPLAC$ >Er W1KLY 6/R;GLY METAMORPHOS$1R MILDLY #fhr 6-PLEXLY DE=M$ /RATA ( PROBA#r ,PALEOZOICR & ,MESOZOIC AGE4 ,9 !r ,YOSEMITE >EA !S] METAMORPHIC ROCKS O3URr 9 TWO NOR?WE/-TR5D+R BELTS SITUAT$r L>GELY EA/ & WE/ (! P>K PROP]R & 9 SMALLr ISOLAT$ BODIES SCATT]$ "?\T !R P>K4r ,FOSSILS >E SC>CE1 &! RADIOMETRIC AGESr (R MO/ ( ^! ROCKS >E POORLY "KN4RNRNRr RNRNR ,ROCKS (! WE/]N METAMORPHIC BELTr "ULI] M* (! FOOTHILLS (! WE/]N ,SI]RA 2Tr !R ,SAN ,JOAQU9 & ,F1!R ,RIV]S1 & =M !r WE/]NR WALLROCKS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADAr BA?OLI?4 ,9 ! CANYONR (! ,M]C$ ,RIV]r APPROA*+ ,YOSEMITE ONR ,R\TE #ADJ1r /RIK+LY B&$ *]T IS EXPOS$ 9 !R VIC9;Y (!r GEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT & EA/W>D =R S"EALr MILESR 7FIG4 #BC74;R ,? B&$ *]T 0 =M$R Fr ! SKELETONS ( V T9Y1 SILICA-SECRET+ M>9]r ANIMALS CALL$ RADIOL>IANS2 ^U ! D1? (r S*R ANIMALS1 _! SKELETONS SETTLE 6! OC1Nr BOTTOM1R ": !Y COLLECT 9 ENORM\S NUMB]S4r ,AL? !R *]T B$S >E MOD]ATELY 6/R;GLYr DE=M$1 !R R RRNR RNRNR R ,7,3TORT$ *]Tr B$S7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,3TORT$ ,,*]Tr ,,B$S AL;G ! ,M]C$ ,RIV] WE/RRNR ( #fir ,EL ,PORTAL >E ANCI5T M>9E S$I;T T HASr BE5RRNR METAMORPHOS$4R 7,FIG4 #BC7;R Rr RRNR R R R R ROCK IS EASILY RECOGNIZA# Zr ( S$I;T>Y ORIG94 ,9R 3TRA/1 METAMORPHICr ROCKS J WE/ ( ,EL ,PORTAL &R J WE/ (r ,CRANE ,FLAT AL;G ! ,BIG ,OAK ,FLATr ,ROADR 7,R\TE #ABJ7 H A METAMORPHICr LAY]+ T L>GELYR DE/ROYS ORIG9AL B$D+1 &!r ORIG9 ( ^! ROCKSR Z S$I;T IS LESSr OBVI\S4 ,FOSSILS 9 A LIME/"O B$R J WE/ (r ! GEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT ON ,R\TE #ADJ;Rr 9DICATE A ,TRIASSIC AGE = AT L1/ "S (!r ROCKSR EXPOS$ AL;G ? "P (! ,M]C$ ,RIV]r CANYON4RNRNR RNRNR ,! EA/]N BELT (r METAMORPHIC ROCKS EXT5DS =R AB #EJ MI Fr S\? ( ,MAMMO? ,LAKES 6NOR? (R ,TW9r ,LAKES 7PL4 #A74 ,FUR!RMORE1 R ?AN B.D+Rr ! BA?OLI?1 ? BELT IS A GIANT SEPTUM (r METAMORPHICR ROCKS SEP>AT+ PLUTONICr ROCKS ON EI SIDE4RNRNR RNRNR ,? EA/]Nr BELT 9CLUDES ROCKS ( BO? 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RANGE 6!R ,C5TRALr ,VALLEY1 ": X N[ =MS DEPOSITS Z M* ASRr T5S ( ?\S&S ( FEET ?ICK4 ,0MI4LEr ,C5OZOICR "T1 S M* (! RANGE _H BE5r REMOV$ T ITR _H A RELIEF ( ONLY A FEWr ?\S& FEET OR S4RNRNR RRNR RNRNRNRNR Rr ,7,SUBDUC;N ( AN OC1NIC PLATE7'RRNR R Rr R R R R ,,SUBDUC;N ,,( ,,AN ,,OC1NICr ,,PLAT] DUR+ 3V]G;E )A 3T95TAL PLATE4Rr ,MAGMA1 =M$ 0"PIAL MELT+ ( OV]RID+Rr 3T95TAL PLATE1 RISES 963T95TAL PLATE TOr =MR VOLCANOES & PLUTONS AL;G A M.TA9r *A94R 7,FIG4 #BH7;R R RRNRRNR RNRNR ,!r ,SI]RA ,GR[S ,AGA9R ,! ,LATEr ,C5OZOICRNRNR RNRNR ,DUR+ E>LY ,C5OZOICr "T ! ,SI]RA ,NEVAD> REGION 0 RELATIVELYr /A#1 &! RANGE 3T9U$ TOR 2 WORN D[N FA/]r ?AN X 0 RIS+4 ,B DUR+ !R LATE ,C5OZOIC1r F AB #BE 6#AE MILLION YE>S AGO1 >r DRAMATIC *ANGE 9 PLATE MO;N AL;G ! #hdr $GE ( !R ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN PLATE O3URR$1 )r F>-R1*+R E6ECTS4 ,! OC1NIC PLATE T 0 2+r SUBDUCT$R 2N ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA 0 TOT,Yr 3SUM$ 9TOR R R R R ! SUBDUC;N Z"O1 &!r PLATE T REPLAC$ X WASR MOV+ 9 A DI6]5Tr DIREC;NNOR?WE/]LY4 ,!R B.D>Y 2T ! ,NOR?r ,AM]ICAN PLATE & ?ISR NOR?WE/]LY-MOV+r PLATE1 CALL$ ! ,PACIFIC PLATE1R 2CAME Ar /RIKE-SLIP FAULT AL;G ? SEG;T (r ,CALI=NI> ! ,SAN ,&R1S FAULTR 7FIG4r #BF74;RNRNR RNRNR ,? *ANGE 9 PLATE-B.D>Yr MO;N1 F 3V]G;ER 6LAT]AL MO;N1 CAUS$ Ar *ANGE 9 !R PATT]N ( /RESSES IMPOS$ ON !r ,SI]RAN REGION4 ,!R 3T95TAL CRU/ EA/ (!r ,SI]RA 2GAN 6EXP& 9R AN EA/-WE/ DIREC;N1r &! ?ICK1 LIE !R] 6SEE4 ,9r ! ,YOSEMITE >EA1 ! ,SI]RA IS CLE>LY ANRr UPTILT$ BLOCK (! ,E>?S CRU/1 )A L;Gr SLOP] WE/W>D 6! ,C5TRAL ,VALLEY &A /EEPr ESC>P;TR SEP>AT+ X F ! C.TRY 6! EA/Rr 7FIG4 #BI74;R ,TOTAL UPLIFT 9 ! VIC9;Y (r ,M.T ,DANA DUR+ LAT] ,C5OZOIC "T 6!r PRES5T IS E/IMAT$ AT ABR #AA1JJJ #her FT4RNRNR RNRNR ,! UPLIFT 2GAN SL[LY &r A3EL]AT$ OV] "T4R ,! RANGE C]TA9LY IS /r RIS+& ! RATE MAYR / 2 A3EL]AT+4 ,!r E/IMAT$ CURR5T RATE ( UPLIFTR AT ,M.Tr ,DANA1 LESS ?AN #A #A/B 9*ES P] #AJJr YE>S1 MAYR APPE> SMALL1 B X IS GRT] ?ANr ! OV]ALL RATE (R SMOO?+ (F & L[]+ (!r RANGE 0ERO.N4R ,?US1 "! IS A NET 9CR1SEr 9 ELEV,N4 ,E/IMATES (R UPLIFT AM.T &r RATE >E BAS$ ON /UDIES ( LAVA FL[SR &r /R1M DEPOSITS ?"\ 6BE NE>LY HORIZONTALRr :5 =M$1 B : >E N[ TILT$ WE/W>DR T[>D !r ,C5TRAL ,VALLEY4 ,PROGRESSIVE TILT ISr 9DICAT$R 0OLD] DEPOSITS ) GRT] 9CL9,NSr ?AN "Y]R "OS4RNRNR RNRNR ,FRANCOISr ,MAT!S 9F]R$ F 8 /UDIES T !R LATEr ,C5OZOIC UPLIFT O3URR$ 9 A S]IES ( ?REEr PULSES1R 9T]RUPT$ 0PAUSES 9 UPLIFT4 ,9 8r VIEW1 EA* PULS] 9ITIAT$ A NEW CYCLE (r ERO.N & ?US PRODUC$ > /AGE ( L&SCAPEr 9CI.N "*IZ$ 0SU3ESSIVELYR GRT] RELIEF3r ,MAT!S BROAD-VALLEY1 M.TA9-VALLEY1R &r CANYON /AGES4 ,M REC5T /UDIES %[ ?ATRr RRNR RNRNRNRNR R ,7,UPLI/ & TILT (!r ,SI]RAN BLOCK7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R #hfr ,,UPLIFT ,,& ,,TILT (! ,SI]RAN BLOCK1 )r EA/RRNR ESC>P;T =M$ AL;G FAULT4 ,>R[S %[r DIREC;N (RRNR MOVE;T ON FAULT4R 7,FIG4r #BI7;R R RRNRRNR R =TUIT\S CORREL,N &!r -MONLY LOCAL 3TROLR ( ERO.N W1K5 ,MAT!Sr CASE = ?REE 4T9CT PULSESR ( UPLIFT4 ,?r DOES N M1N T ! UPLIFT WASR 5TIRELYr UNI=MFEW ?+S 9 GEOLOGY >EBUTR R Tr UPLIFT1 ONCE 9ITIAT$1 0 M NE>LYR 3T9U\Sr ?AN HE 5VI.N$4RNRNR RNRNR ,AT ! SAME "Tr T ! ,SI]RA 0 "UGO+R UPLIFT & ERO.N &r 9CI.N 0/R1MS1 VOLCANOESR AG 2CAME ACTIVEr 9 "PS (! RANGE1 "PICUL>LYR NOR? (r ,YOSEMITE4 ,DUR+ ! 9T]VAL F AB #BJ;Rr MILLION YE>S AGO 6AB #E MILLION YE>Sr AGO1 VA/R VOLUMES ( VOLCANIC MAT]IAL 7r ERUPT$ F A BELTR ( VOLCANOES EXT5D+ AL;Gr :AT IS N[ ! ,SI]RANR CRE/ NOR? (r ,YOSEMITE4 ,^! VOLCANOES 7 !R S\?W>Dr EXT5.N (! ,CASCADE ,RANGE ( VOLCANOESR /r ACTIVE 9 NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA1 ,OREGON1 &r ,WA%+TON4R ,)! ADV5T (! ,SAN ,&R1Sr /RIKE-SLIPR FAULT1 ! SUBDUC;N -PLEXr ASSOCIAT$ ) ,CASCAD] VOLCANISM MIGRAT$r NOR?W>D1 &! ,SI]RAN VOLCANOESR #hgr TURN$ (F4 ,LASS5 ,P1K 9 NOR!RN ,CALI=NIAr ISR ! S\!RNMO/ VOLCANO ( ? *A9 T ISr /ILLR ACTIVE4RNRNR RNRNR ,DUR+ ? LATEr ,C5OZOIC VOLCANISM1 ! ,SI]R> ,NEVADAr NOR? ( ,YOSEMITE 0 VIRTU,Y BURI$ 0LAV>r FL[S1 VOLCANIC TUFF1 & VOLCANIC MUDFL[S4r ,! VOLCANICR MAT]IAL TRAVEL$ GRT 4T.ES4r ,M* ( ITR R1*$ ! M>G9 (! ,C5TRALr ,VALLEY1 & "S (R X TRAVEL$ Z F> S\? Z !r NOR!RN "P ( ,YOSEMITE4R ,?REE SEP>ATEr UNITS ( ? VOLCANIC EXTRAVAGANZA> MUDFL[1r A LAVA FL[1 &A VOLCANIC TU6SU3ESSIVELYRr FL[$ D[N ! VALLEY (A S\?-FL[+ TRIBUT>Yr (R ! ANCE/RAL ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] & 96! MA9r *ANNELR 9 ! VIC9;Y ( ,RAN*]IA ,M.TA9r NOR?EA/ (R ,HET* ,HET*YR 7FIGS4 #CJ1r #CA74;R ,ERO.NAL REMNANTS ( !R VOLCANICr MUDFL[ 9DICATE T X FL[$ ALM Z F>R WE/ Zr ,GROVEL&1 "S #BJ MI WE/ (! P>K4 ,O!RRr ERO.NAL REMNANTS ( ? MUDFL[ 9DICATE T Xr WASR S ?ICK T X ACTU,Y FL[$ UP/R1M AL;Gr !R ANCE/RAL ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] AT L1/ #E MIr ABV !R JUNC;N (! S\?-FL[+ TRIBUT>Y4RNRNRr RNRNR ,O!R VOLCANIC ROCKS 9 ,YOSEMITEr REPRES5T LOCALR ERUPTIVE EV5TS4 ,"O #hhr S* EV5T IS RECORD$ 0A BASALTR PLUGAr SOLIDIFI$ REMNANT ( LAVA 9 A VOLCANICr 3DUITR LOC,Y "KN Z ,LL ,DEVILS ,PO/PILEr &R LOCAT$ ON ! S\? SIDE (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV] S"EALR MILES WE/ ( ,TUOLUMNEr ,M1D[S4 ,! \TCROP1 EASILYR R1*$ 0! ,GL5r ,AUL9 TRAIL1 EXHIBITS CRUDELYR DEVELOP$r COLUMN> JO9TSR 7FIG4 #CB74;R ,? BASALTr IS ABR #I MILLION YE>S OLD4RNRNR R R R Rr RNRNR R R ,,ANCI5T ,,*ANNEL ,,( ,,!r ,,TUOLUMN] ,,RIV] ON ,RAN*]IA ,M.TA9r NOR?EA/ ( ,HET*R ,HET*Y4 ,! RIV] FL[$r WE/W>D AWAY F ! VIEW]R 96! ;,V-%AP$ NOT*r CUT 96GRANITE 9 ! C5T] ( !R PHOTOGRAPH4r ,AB #AJ MILLION YE>S AGO1 ! *ANNEL &R ABr #EJ FT ( RIV] GRAVEL 7 BURI$ 2N Ar VOLCANICR MUDFL[1 ! MAT]IAL SE5 ON !r SLOPE ABV ! ,V4 ,ITSR CROSS SEC;N N[r EXPOS$ 0ERO.N1 ? ANCI5T *ANNELR 0 F/r DESCRIB$ Z S* 0,H5RY ,W4 ,TURN]1 :Or TOOKR ? PHOTOGRAPH AB #AIJJ4;R 7,FIG4r #CJ7;R RNRNR ,7,ANCI5T *ANNEL (!r TUOLUMNE RIV]7'RRNR R R RRNR RRNR RNRNRr R ,7,VOLCANIC MUDFL[ DEPOSIT7'RRNR R R Rr R R ,,VOLCANIC ,,MUDFL[ ,,DEPOSIT #hir ONR ,RAN*]IA ,M.TA94 ,BR[N1r SMOO?-APPE>+R SLOPE 6! "R1 AT MI4LEr 4T.E1 IS "ULA9 BYR A VOLCANIC MUDFL[r DEPOSIT FILL+ AN ANCI5T /R1MR *ANNEL4 ,?r PHOTOGRAPH1 : IS ANO!R VIEW (R ! *ANNELr 9R FIGURE #CJ1;R %[S XS POSI;N ON !Rr SLOPE ABV ,PIUTE ,CREEK1 : DRA9S AWAY Fr !R VIEW] 6! PRES5T CANYON (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV]R 9 ! BACKGR.D4 ,! =M] ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV]R FL[$ F LEFT 6"R 96! BASE (! BR[NRr >EA1 3C1L$ 0TREES 9 ! C5T] (!r PHOTOGRAPH1R & AT ? PO9T 0 M ?AN #A1EJJr FTR ABV ! PRES5T CANYON (! ,TUOLUMNE4r ,?ISR DI6];E 9 ELEV,N 9DICATES ! AM.T (r /R1MR 9CI.N 0! ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] S9CE XSr =M] *ANNELR 0 FILL$ & AB&ON$ &! RIV]r WASR =C$ 6CUT A NEW "O4 ,PHOTOGRAPH BYr ,CLYD] ,WAHRHAFTIG4R 7,FIG4 #CA7;R R Rr RRNR RRNR RNRNR R ,7,COLUMN> JO9TS7'RRNRr R R R RRNR R R ,,COLUMN> ,,JO9TS 9 Ar BASALT PLUGA REMNANT ( >RNR VOLCANICr 3DUITAT ,LL ,DEVILS ,PO/PILE1 ADJAC5T TOr !RRNR ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] WE/ ( ,TUOLUMNEr ,M1D[S4R 7,FIG4 #CB7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,"Or SMALL LAVA FL[ ( BASALT1 AB #C #A/B #ijr MILLION YE>SR OLD1 0 ERUPT$ J S\? (r ,M]C$ ,PASS1 &A FEWR R SCATT]$ FL[S (r SIMIL> AGE LIE J S\? & S\?EA/R (! P>K4r ,^! FL[S RECORD ! MO/ REC5T IGNE\SRr ACTIV;Y 9 ,YOSEMITE4RNRNR RNRNR ,?+S H Nr REMA9$ QUIET EA/ ( ,YOSEMITE1R H["E4 ,Ar CATACLYSMIC ERUP;N AB #GJJ1JJJ YE>SR AGOr CR1T$ #AJ- 0#BJ-MI-WIDE ,L;G ,VALLEYr CALD]A1R )9 : N[ SITS ! T[N ( ,MAMMO?r ,LAKES4R ,? ERUP;N SPEW$ =? #B1EJJ "TS Zr M* A% ASR ! #AIHJ ,M.T ,/4 ,HEL5Sr ERUP;N2 LAY]S (! A%R F ,L;G ,VALLEYr CALD]A H BE5 F.D Z F> EA/ ASR ,NEBRASKA4r ,VOLCANIC ROCKS ( ,MAMMO? ,M.TA9 &R !r BASALT AT ! ,DEVILS ,PO/PILE 7 ERUPT$r SUBSEQU5TLY4R ,! ,MONO ,CRAT]S & ,9YOr DOMES 2TR ,MONO ,LAKE & ,MAMMO? ,LAKES Hr BE5 ERUPT+R EPISODIC,Y DUR+ ! PA/ FEWr ?\S& YE>S1 & !R MO/ REC5T DOMES 7 =M$r ONLY AB #FJJ YE>SR AGO4 ,S* ACTIV;Y ISr ALM C]TA9LY N YET F9I%$4R R R RRNRRNRNRr RNRNR R ,NEXT3 ,F9AL EVOLU;NR R ,3T5TSRr R ,PREVI\S3 ,ROCKSR RNRNR R RNRNRNRNRr RNRNRNRNR RNRNRr HTTP3//WWW4YOSEMITE4CA4U/LIBR>Y/GEO #iar LOGIC./ORY.(.YOSEMITE/G5ESIS4HTMLRNRNR Rr R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Rr RNRNRNRNR RNRN R ,YOSEMITE .1 ,LIBR>Yr .1R ,GEOLOGIC ,/ORY ( ,YOSEMITE .1Rr ,F9AL EVOLU;N (! L&SCAPE .1RNRNRr RNRNRNRNR R RNRNR R ,NEXT3 ,T]MSR Rr ,3T5TSR R ,PREVI\S3 ,G5ESIS ( ,YOSEMITESr ROCKSR RNRNR R RNRN,! ,GEOLOGIC ,/ORY (r ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>K 7#AIHG7 0,N4 ,K+r ,HUB]NRNR R R RRNRNR R RNRN,,F9ALr ,,EVOLU;N ,,( ,,! ,,L&SCAP5RNR R RNRNRr ,! ,ROLE ( ,JO9TSRNRNR RNRNR ,! B$ROCKr /RUCTURES HAV+ ! GRTE/ E6ECTS ONRr ,YOSEMITES L&=M DEVELOP;T >E JO9TS4r ,JO9TS >] M OR LESS PLAN> CRACKS -MONLYr F.D Z SETS (R P>ALLEL FRACTURES 9 !r ROCK4 ,REGIONAL-SCALE JO9TSR -MONLYr DET]M9E ! ORI5T,N ( MAJOR F1TURESR (!r L&SCAPE1 ":AS \TCROP-SCALE JO9TSRr DET]M9E ! EASE ) : ROCK ERODES4 ,JO9TSRr >E ( OV]:ELM+ 9FLU;E ON L&=M DEVELOP;TRr 9 GRANITIC T]RANE 2C !Y =M GRTLYR 3TRA/+r Z"OS ( W1K;S 9 O!RWISE HOMOG5E\S1Rr ERO.N-RESI/ANT ROCK & >E AV5UES (R Rr A3ESS ( WAT] & AIR = W1!R+4 ,9 #ibr METAMORPHICR ROCKS1 S* PLAN> /RUCTURES Zr B$D+ ORR ALIGN$ M9]ALS -MONLY DET]M9E !r ORI5T,NR ( FRACTURES4RNRNR R RRNRRNR R Rr ,,REGIONAL ,,JO9TSR EMPHASIZ$ 0VEGET,N1r ASR SE5 ON AN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHRr ,YOSEMITE ,CREEKR BAS9 NOR? ( ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY4R ,NOR?EA/-TR5D+ JO9TR SET IS Mr CLOSELY SPAC$R ?AN NOR?WE/-TR5D+ SET4Rr ,SP>S]1 EA/-WE/-TR5D+R SET IS AL PRES5T4r ,A3OMPANY+R SKET* MAP %[SR ORI5T,N (r MAJOR JO9TSR & ILLU/RATES ! SIGNIFICANTRr 3TROL ( /R1M C\RSES BYR JO9TS4R 7,FIG4r #CC7;R RRNRRNR R ,7,MAP ( ,REGIONALr ,JO9TS AT ,YOSEMITE ,CREEK7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR ,7,REGIONAL ,JO9TS AT ,YOSEMITEr ,CREEK7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R RNRNR ,Ar REGIONAL SY/EM ( WIDELY SPAC$ MA/] JO9TSr ISR 3SPICU\S "?\T ! GRANITIC T]RANE1r "PICUL>LYR 9 ! ,HI< ,SI]RA ": ROCKr EXPOSURES >] EXT5SIVE4 ,^! JO9TS G5],Yr >E NE>LY V]TICALR & >E N 6BE 3FUS$ )!r G5TLY DIPP+R %EET JO9TS T >E SUBP>ALLELr 6TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACES4R ,L9E> DEPRES.NSr -MONLY FOLL[ ! MA/]R JO9TS1 & EV5 9r HIE JO9T 3TROLL$4 ,G5],Y1Rr TWO PR9CIPLE SETS ( JO9TS C 2 ID5TIFI$r NE>LY ATR "R ANGLES1 "O SET -MONLY TR5D+r NOR?EA/R &! O!R NOR?WE/R 7FIG4 #CC74;Rr ,! ORI5T,NR *ANGES F PLACE 6PLACE1 B MO/r JO9TS >] /RAIIES 2Tr 9DIVIDUAL GRANITICR PLUTONS 9DICATES T !r JO9TS =M$ AF 3SOLID,NR (! 5TIRE BA?OLI?r & ?US >E NOTR COOL+ FRACTURES (!r 9DIVIDUAL BODIES4 ,!R REGIONAL JO9Tr SY/EM EVID5TLY RESULT$ F /RESSESR IMPOS$r ON ! BA?OLI? DUR+ LAT] TECTONICR EV5TS1r S* Z TILT+ (! ,SI]RA REGION4RNRNR RNRNRr ,"S MOVE;T O!R ?AN SIMPLE OP5+ AL;GR !r JO9T PLANES HAS PROBABLY TAK5 PLACE AL;Gr MO/ (R ! MA/] JO9TS4 ,S* LAT]AL1 ORr FAULT1 MOVE;T1R EV5 ?\< SLI DEPRES.NS1R _M ( !M N[ *ANNELSr = /R1MS4 ,>1S (R GRANITE )9 BLOCKS B.D$r 0MA/] JO9TS >] !MVS JO9T$ 6A LESS]r DEGREE HUT REMA9 MOR] R COHESIVE & #idr =M ! BOLD] >1S 2T MA/]R JO9TS4RNRNR Rr RNRNR R ,7,9CL9$ JO9TS7'RRNR R R R RRNRr R R ,,9CL9$ ,,JO9TS DET]M9E WE/W>D SLOPEr ( UPP] SURFACESRRNR (! ,?REE ,BRO!RS4r ,PHOTOGRAPH F ,N,NAL ,P>KRRNR ,S]VICEr COLLEC;N4R 7,FIG4 #CD7;R R RRNR R RRNRr RNRNR R ,7,/AIRCASE ,FALLS7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR R R ,,/AIRCASE ,,FALLS4 ,/AIRTR1DSr FOLL[ JO9TS 9CL9$RRNR EA/W>D4Rr ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,TAU ,RHO ,ALPHA4R 7,FIG4r #CE7;R R RRNR R RNRNR ,ON A M LOCALr SCALE1 V]TICAL JO9T SETS >E RESPONSI#R =r ! ORI5T,N ( MAJOR F1TURES1 S* Z !R PLAN>r FACE ( ,HALF ,DOME &! S]IES ( P>ALLELr CLI6SR AT ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS4 ,AN 9DIVIDUALr CLIFF FACE XF MAYR N 2 ! ORIG9AL 3TROLL+r JO9T SURFACE1 2CAUS] MAT]IAL IS 3T9U,Yr SPALL+ (F1 B XS ORI5T,N ISR 3TROLL$ 0Ar PREEXI/+ JO9T4RNRNR RNRNR ,AL? V]TICALr MA/] JO9TS PREVAIL1 9CL9$R JO9T SETS Hr A4$ 6! DIV]S;Y ( ,YOSEMITESR L&=MS4 ,!r WE/ FACES (! ,?REE ,BRO!RS 9R ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY 7 L>GELY DET]M9$ 0A SET (R MA/]r JO9TS T SLOPE AB #DE;O WE/W>DR 7FIG4r #CD74;R ,! SLOPE 2T ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS #ier & ,BRIDALVEILR ,CREEK AL FOLL[S A SET (r WE/W>D-9CL9$ JO9TS4R ,! /AIRTR1DS (r ,/AIRCASE ,FALLS FOLL[ EA/-DIPP+R JO9TSRr 7FIG4 #CE74;RNRNR R R RNRNR Rr ,7,RECTANGUL> BLOCKS7'RRNR R R R RRNR Rr R ,,RECTANGUL> ,,BLOCKS =M$ 9 ,ELr ,CAPITAN ,GRANIT]RNR 09T]SECT+ JO9TS4Rr 7,FIG4 #CF7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,AT \TCROPr SCALE1 TWO NE>LY V]TICAL JO9T SETS1Rr P]P5DICUL> 6EA* O!R1 -B9E ) NE>LYr HORIZONTALR R R R R JO9TS 6CR1TEr APPROXIMATELY RECTANGUL> BLOCKSR 7FIG4r #CF74;R ,G5],Y1 ! M SILICE\S1 ORr QU>TZ-RI*1R ROCKS 7GRANITE &r GRANODIORITE7 H M WIDELYR SPAC$ JO9TSr ?AN ! LESS SILICE\S ROCKS 7TONALITE &Rr DIORITE74 ,AL1 ! F9] GRA9$ ROCKS G5],Yr HAV] M CLOSELY SPAC$ JO9TS ?AN ! CO>S]r GRA9$R "OS4 ,?US1 BO? -POSI;N & TEXTUREr 9FLU;ER ! SPAC+ ( JO9TS 9 A GIV5 ROCKr MASS4RNRNR RNRNR ,! L1/ SILICE\S (!r PLUTONIC ROCKS 9 ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY1 =r EXAMPLE1 IS ! DIORITE T O3URS AT !Rr ,ROCKSLIDES2 ? ROCK IS AL G5],Y F9]r GRA9$ ?ANR MO/ (! GRANITIC ROCKS4 #ifr ,! DIORITE IS ! MO/R CLOSELY JO9T$ ROCKr 9 ! VALLEY1 & ENORM\S PILES (Rr JO9T-DERIV$ BLOCKS ( DIORITE Hr A3UMULAT$R "?\T ! >EA (! ,ROCKSLIDESRr 7FIG4 #CG74;RNRNR RRNR RNRNR R ,7,!r ,ROCKSLIDES & ,EL ,CAPITAN7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR R R ,,! ,,ROCKSLIDES ,,& ,,ELr ,,CAPITAN4 ,! ,ROCKSLIDES 7LEFT7 IS Ar JUM#D COLLEC;N ( TALUSR BLOCKS (r DIORITE1 ! MO/ CLOSELY JO9T$ ROCK 9r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4 ,9 3TRA/1 ,ELr ,CAPITAN 7"R7 IS L>GELYR UNJO9T$r GRANITE1 &! PILE ( DEBRIS AT XS FOOT1r ?\< 3C1L$ 9 ? PHOTOGRAPH1 IS -P>ATIVELYRr SMALL4R 7,FIG4 #CG7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,9 Ar "PICUL>LY /RIK+ 3TRA/ 6! JUM#DR PILES (r DEBRIS AT ! ,ROCKSLIDES IS ! L>GELYr UNBROK5R FACE ( ,EL ,CAPITAN1 A %ORTr 4T.E 6! EA/"O (R ! %E]E/ CLI6S 9 ! _W4r ,X 3SI/S *IEFLY ( ,ELR ,CAPITAN & ,TAFTr ,GRANITES1 TWO (! MO/ SILICE\SR PLUTONICr ROCKS 9 ? >EA4 ,! -POSI;N ( !S] ROCKSr DET]M9ES ! "*I/ICS ( ,EL ,CAPITANRr ITSELFMASSIVE;S & RESI/.E4 ,2C ,ELr ,CAPITANR IS L>GELY UNJO9T$1 ! #igr TALUS PILE AT XS FOOT IS SMALL4Rr ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS &! ,L1N+ ,T[] >E -POS$Rr ( ,EL ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE1 -PLEXLY 9TRUD$r 0,BRIDALVEILR R R R R ,GRANODIORITE2 ^!r P9NACLES /& \ Z !Y DOR 2C ( _! SILICE\Sr -POSI;N4RNRNR R RNRNR ,! APRON OR L[] "Pr (! CLIFF EA/ ( ,GLACI]R ,PO9T 3SI/S (r UNJO9T$ ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORIT] CAPP$r 0WELL-JO9T$ TONALITE2 F A VIEWPO9T 9Rr ,/"OMAN ,M1D[1 AN OBS]V]1 0NOT+ ?r DI6];ER 9 /RUCTURE1 C TRACE ! 3TACT 2Tr !R TWO ROCK TYPES Q CLOSELYR 7FIG4r #CH74;RNRNR R R RRNRRNR R ,7,MAP ( ,BOLDr ,EXPOSURE ( UNJO9T$ ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE7'RRNR ,7,BOLDr EXPOSURE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R R R ,,BOLDr ,,EXPOSURE ( UNJO9T$ ,HALF ,DOMEr ,GRANODIORITE 7IN SUN7 CAPP$ BYR MO/LYr WELL-JO9T$ TONALITE 7IN %ADE7 MAK+ UPr ,GLACI] ,PO9T4 ,! 3TACT 2TR ! TWO ROCKr TYPES ANGLES UPW>D 6LEFT4R 7,FIG4 #CH7;Rr R RRNR RNRNR ,S MAMMO? A F1TURE Z ,HALFr ,DOME CD ONLYR H BE5 C>V$ F A SP>SELYr JO9T$ ROCK4 ,9 SPIT] ( ,JAMES ,HUT*+Sr ELOQU5T /ATE;T A3OMPANY+R !R #ihr FRONTISPIEC] 6? VOLUME1 ,HALF ,DOME ISr NE>LY ASR :OLE Z X "E WAS4 ,! IMPRES.N Fr ! VALLEYR FLOOR T ? IS A R.D DOME : HASr LO/ ITSR NOR?WE/ HALF IS AN ILLU.N4 ,Fr ,GLACI] ,PO9T OR1R EV5 BETT]1 F ,WA%BURNr ,PO9T1 WE C SEE T X ISR ACTU,Y A ?9r RIDGE ( ROCK ORI5T$ NOR?EA/-S\?WE/1R )r XS S\?EA/ SIDE ALM Z /EEP Z ITSR NOR?WE/r SIDE EXCEPT =! V TOP4 ,AL? !R TR5D ( ?r RIDGE1 Z WELL Z T ( ,T5AYA ,CANYON1 ISRr PROBABLY 3TROLL$ 0MA/] JO9TS1 #HJ P]C5Tr ( !R NOR?WE/ HALF (! ORIG9AL DOME MAYr WELL / 2R "!4 ,:AT PROBABLY HAPP5$ IS Tr FRO/ SPLITT+ (R ! ROCK AT ! BACK (A T9Yr GLACI] AG/ ,HALF ,DOM] ABV ,MIRROR ,LAKEr GRADU,Y QU>RI$ BACK ! /EEPR NOR?WE/r FACE4 ,Z ! BASE (! CLIFF 0 HEWN AWAY1Rr ULTIMATELY "PS (! %EETS P>ALLEL 6!r ORIG9ALR UPP] SURFACE ( ,HALF ,DOME 7r LEFT PROJECT+ \TW>DR AT ! CRE/ (!r V]TICAL CLIFF4 ,%>P ANGUL>R B5DS 9 !r GROSS =M ( ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY SU7E/ ?ATRr ! 5TIRE VALLEY1 Z WELL Z ,T5AYA ,VALLEY1r MAY HAV] BE5 EROD$ AL;G A -PLEX JO9Tr SY/EM N[ 3C1L$R 0/R1M DEPOSITS ON ! #iir VALLEY FLOOR4RNRNR R R RRNRRNR Rr ,7,PROGRESSIVE R.D+ ( MASSIVEr GRANITE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,PROGRESSIVE ,,R.D+ ,,( ,,MASSIVEr ,,GRANIT]RNR Z SU3ESSIVE %EETS 7DA%$r L9ES7 >E =M$ & SPALL$ (FRRNR 9 RESPONSEr 6UNLOAD+1 OR REL1SE (! 3F9+ PRESSUREr "URRNR : ! GRANITE CRY/ALLIZ$ DEEP )9 !r ,E>?4 ,? IS A =MRRNR ( EXFOLI,N4R 7,FIG4r #CI7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,! TYPE ( JO9T+ Tr HAS MO/ 9FLU;ED !R =M ( ,YOSEMITESr L&M>KS1 H["E1 IS ! BROAD1R %ELL-Lr UNLOAD+ JO9TS OR %EET+1 AL -MONLYRr REF]R$ 6Z EXFOLI,N4 ,GRANITIC ROCKSr CRY/ALLIZE ATR 3SID]A# DEP? )9 ! ,E>?r :ILE "UR GRT PRESSURE F MILES ( OV]LY+r ROCK4 ,Z !R /-BURI$ PLUTONIC ROCKS >Er UPLIFT$ 96M.TA9SR &! OV]LY+ ROCK ISr EROD$1 ! UNLOAD+1R OR REL1SE (!r PREVI\SLY 3F9+ PRESSURE1R CAUSES ! ROCKr 6EXP& T[>D ! ,E>?S SURFACE4R ,9 JO9T$r ROCKS1 S* EXPAN.N IS TAK5 UP BYRr ADJU/;TS AL;G ! NUM]\S "P+S2 B 9 >r MASSIVE MONOLI?1 ! /RESSES A3UMULATEr UNTIL !YR EXCE$ ! T5SILE /R5G? (! #ajjr ROCK1 &! \T]R & M RAPIDLY EXP&+ LAY]r BUR/S LOOSE4 ,OV]R "T1 ! PROCESS ISr REP1T$1 &! MONOLI?R 2COMES COV]$ ) S"EALr LAY]S ( %ELLS4 ,!R \T]MO/ LAY]1 EXPOS$r 6! W1!R1 GRADU,YR 49TEGRATES1 &! PIECESr FALL (F4 ,! PROCESS (R R R R R %EET+r ELIM9ATES PROJECT+ CORN]S & ANGLES &Rr REPLACES !M ) CURVESR 7FIG4 #CI74;R ,Zr SU3E$+R %ELLS DROP (F1 ^! CURVES 2COME Mr & MOR] G5TLE1 & ?US A SMOO?LY R.D$r SURFACE EVOLVES4RNRNR RRNR RNRNR Rr ,7,%EET JO9TS3 HORIZONTAL7'RRNR R RRNRr ,7,%EET JO9TS3 3VEX7'RRNR R RRNR ,BR Rr RRNR R ,7,%EET JO9TS3 3CAVE7'RRNR R RRNRr ,7,%EET JO9TS3 NE>-V]TICAL7'RRNR R RRNRr ,DR R RRNR R R ,,%EET ,,JO9TS ,,FOLL[r ,,TOPOGRAPHIC ,,SURFACES4R ,A1r ,HORIZONTAL %EET+ EXPOS$ ON QU>RY FACE1r CUT 9TOR BROAD1 LEVEL SURFACE4 ,B1 ,3VEXr %EET+ ON GRANITE DOME4 ,C1R ,3CAVE %EET+r ON VALLEY FLOOR4 ,D1 ,NE>-V]TICAL %EET+r ONR ,MAT!S ,CRE/4 ,UNLOAD+ HAS TAK5r PLACE F BO? SIDES ( > /EEP L9E> RIDGE4r ,PHOTOGRAPH F ,N,NAL ,P>K ,S]VIC]r COLLEC;N4R 7,FIG4 #DJ7;R R R RRNR #ajar RNRNR ,2C ! EXPAN.N T =MS %EET JO9TSRr TAKES PLACE P]P5DICUL> 6! ,E>?S SURFACE1r !R %APE ( %EETS G5],Y REFLECTS !r TOPOGRAPHY1R AL? _! =M,N SUBTLY MODIFIESr ! TOPOGRAPHYR AT ! SAME "T4 ,IF ! GR.Dr SURFACE IS LEVEL1R ! %EETS W 2r HORIZONTALR 7FIG4 #DJ;,A74R ,IF !r GRANIT] "ULIES A HILL1 ! %EETS W CURVEr ACLY1R 3VEX UPW>DR 7FIG4 #DJ;,B72R & IFr 2N A VALLEY1R 3CAVE UPW>DR 7FIG4r #DJ;,C74R ,%EET+ AL T5DS TOR P>ALLEL !r WALLS ( CANYONS4 ,IF ! CANYON WALLRr SLOPES T[>D ! RIV]1 ! %EETS D AL4 ,IF !Rr WALLS >E V]TICAL1 ! %EETS >E AL V]TICALRr 7FIG4R #DJ;,D72R ?US1 ! V]TICAL CLI6S (r ,YOSEMITE T APPE>R 6BE UNBROK5 MONOLI?Sr MAY H HI45 V]TICALR FRACTURES 2H &r P>ALLEL 6! CLIFF FACE4 ,!R UNDULAT+r SURFACE (! WALL 2L ,CL\DS ,RE/ ISR ANr \T/&+ EXAMPLE ( %EET+ T P>ALLELS !Rr TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE2 ! %EETS >E 3CAVE 9r !R B[L-%AP$ BAS9S HI< ON ! CLIFF FACE &r 3VEXR ON ! 9T]V5+ SPURSR 7FIG4r #DA74;RNRNR R RRNRRNR R ,7,UNDULAT+r SURFACE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R RNRNR #ajbr ,! ,ROYAL ,>*ES IS A GIGANTIC EXPRES.N (r %EETR JO9T+1 ) %EETS Z M* Z #BJJ FTr ?ICKR 7FIG4R #DB74;R ,TOO F> 2L !r SURFACE 6=M ! TOPS (R DOMES1 ! >*ESr REV1L A CROSS- SEC;NAL VIEW (R %EETr JO9T+ 9 ,HALF ,DOME ,GRANODIORITE T HASRr BE5 TRUNCAT$ 0! NOR? WALL ( ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY4R ,SIMIL> F1TURES C AL 2 SE5 ONr ! WALLS 2HR ,UPP] ,YOSEMITE ,FALL & AT !r H1D ( ,RI2ON ,FALLR ALCOVE4RNRNR R R R Rr RRNRRNR R R ,,ROYAL ,,>*ES1 9 LEFT C5T]r ( PHOTOGRAPH & TOPP$ 0,NOR? ,DOME1 IS Ar GIGANTIC EXPRES.N ( %EET JO9TS1 )R %EETSr TRUNCAT$ 0NOR? WALL ( ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4r ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,EADWE>D ,MUYBRIDGE1 ABr #AHGB4;R 7,FIG4 #DB7;R R R RRNR Rr ,7,ROYAL ,>*ES 0,EADWE>D ,MUYBRIDGE ABr #AHGB7';RRNR R R R RRNR R R R RRNRRNRRNRr R ,7,W1!R+ ( JO9T BLOCKS7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR R R ,,W1!R+ ,,( ,,JO9T ,,BLOCKS &r /AGES 9 !R =M,NRRNR ( CORE/"OS4 ,CORN]Sr & $GES ( GRANITE BLOCKS >] ATTACK$RRNR Mr R1DILY 0W1!R+ AL;G JO9TS1 & R.D$RRNRr CORE/"OS RESULT4R 7,FIG4 #DC7;R RRNRRNRr R R RRNR R ,7,SPH]OIDAL #ajcr W1!R+7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,SPH]OIDALr ,,W1!R+ >.D CORE/"OS4 ,RECTANGUL>RRNRr PATT]N ( %EETS REFLECTS HORIZONTAL &r V]TICAL ORI5T,NRRNR ( JO9TS ORIG9,Y B.D+r ! 49TEGRAT+ BLOCKSRRNR ,ROADCUT AT ,BIGr ,M1D[ OV]LOOK1 ,BIG ,OAK ,FLAT ,ROADRr 7,FIG4 #DD7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,W1!R+ &r ,ERO.NRNRNR RNRNR ,,9FLU;E ,,( ,,!r ,,ROCKSR ,,ON ,,W1!R+RNRNR RNRNRr ,UNFRACTUR$ GRANITE IS IMP]MEA#1 &r 2CAUS] W1!R+ PROCESSES DEP5D ON ! PRES;Er (R MOI/URE1 EXPOS$ GRANITE SURFACES W1!Rr SL[LY4R ,H["E1 ": BURI$ 0SOIL & 9 3TACTr ) > *EMIC,Y REACTIVE MIXTURE ( WAT]1r ATMOSPH]ICR GASES1 & ORGANIC DECAYr PRODUCTS1 GRANITE W1!RSR M* M R1DILY4r ,JO9TS 9 ! GRANITE T PROVID] AV5UES =r DEEP CIRCUL,N ( GR.D WAT] P]MITR W1!R+r 6PROCE$ WELL 2L ! BURI$ B$ROCKR SURFACE4r ,Z W1!R+ P5ETRATES ! ROCK F JO9TRr SURFACES1 ! $GES & CORN]S (! JO9T BLOCKSr >] A6ECT$ M RAPIDLY ?AN ! SIDES1 2C !Yr >] ATTACK$ F TWO OR ?REE DIREC;NS ATr ONC] 7FIG4 #DC74;R ,! UNW1!R$ REMNANT (r GRANITE 9 ! C5T] (R ! JO9T BLOCK #ajdr 2COMES A R.D$ B\LD]1 CALL$ > CORE/"O1 &!r PROCESS ( XS =M,N IS A =M (R EXFOLI,Nr CALL$ SPH]OIDAL W1!R+R 7FIG4 #DD74;RNRNRr RNRNR ,": WAT] COLLECTS 9 SMALL NATURALr DEPRES.NSR ON GRANITIC-ROCK SURFACES1 !r W1!R+ PROCESSR -MONLY 5L>GES ! DEPRES.NSr 6=M W1!RR PITS1 OR PANSR 7FIG4 #DE74;Rr ,! PANS >E TYPIC,Y FLATR BOTTOM$1 A FACTr T HAS N YET BE5 -PLETELYR EXPLA9$4 ,Ar POSSI# EXPLAN,N IS BAS$ ON !R PROPOSI;Nr T ! MO/ ACTIVE 5VIRON;T =R W1!R+ IS !r Z"O ( ALT]NATE WETT+ & DRY+R AL;G !r M>G9S (! POOLS T COLLECT 9 !R PANS4 ,!r M>G9S T5D 6DEEP5 & 5L>GE UNTILR ALLr PO9TS (! BOTTOM (! PAN >E EQU,Y WET ORRr DRY AT ! SAME "T4 ,"!AF1 !Y W1!R D[NW>DRr AT A RATE T IS 3/ANT OV] ALL (! PANRr SURFACE4 ,? EXPLAN,N AL A3.TS =!r OV]HANG+R RIMS1 : >E V -MON1 & =Rr COALESC+ PANS1 : AL >E -MON4 ,! FLATRr FLOORS (! PANS >E HORIZONTAL EV5 ": !r PANSR O3UR ON ! SIDES ( B\LD]S4 ,! W1!R$r MAT]IALR 9 ! PANS IS REMOV$ 0W9D1 AL? 9Rr DEEP] "OS A GRANITE S& REMA9S4 ,!r PROCESS IS > SL[ "OS* PANS NORM,Y #ajer >E N F.D ONR SURFACES SCRAP$ SMOO? DUR+r ! LA/ MAJOR GLACI,N1R : 5D$ "S #AJ1JJJr YE>S AGO4RNRNR R R R RRNRRNR R ,7,W1!Rr PANS7'RRNR R R R RRNR R RRNR RNRNR Rr ,7,RESI/ANT POTASSIUM FELDSP>r PH5OCRY/S7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,RESI/ANT ,,POTASSIUM ,,FELDSP>r ,,PH5OCRY/SRRNR PROTRUDE F W1!R$ SURFACEr ( ,CA!DRALRRNR ,P1KR ,GRANODIORITE4r ,MATRIX M9]ALS =M]LYRRNR 5CLOS+ !r PH5OCRY/SR H BE5 W1!R$RRNR 6GRUSr 7GRANITE S&7 & WA%$ AWAY4RRNR 7,FIG4r #DF7;R R RRNRNRNR ,! W1!R+ & 49TEGR,N (r ROCK1 MAK+R X SUSCEPTI# 6ERO.N1 DEP5D ONr BO? ROCKR -POSI;N & ROCK TEXTURE4 ,!r D>K] V>IETIES (R M$IUM-GRA9$ GRANITICr ROCKS1 "PICUL>LY ?OS] RI* 9 BIOTITE1r W1!R M R1DILY ?AN ! LIIETIES4 ,EXPAN.N (! BIOTITE 0ABSORP;NRr ( WAT] HELPS FREE ! CRY/AL F SURR.D+R Rr M9]AL GRA9S & ?US L1DS 64A7REG,N ( !Rr ROCK4 ,! RESULT+ GRANUL> PRODUCT1 Ar GRANITIC S&R CALL$ GRUS1 IS EASILYr EROD$R 7FIG4 #DF74;R ,= ? R1SON1R _Mr TOPOGRAPHIC BAS9S 9 GRANITIC #ajfr T]RANE >E 9R >1S "ULA9 0BIOTITEr GRANODIORITE1 & RIDGES >] HELD UP BYr GRANITES T 3TA9 LESS BIOTITE4 ,F9]Rr GRA9$ PLUTONIC ROCKS 7BO? LIKr COLOR$7R >E G5],Y M RESI/ANT 6=M,N (r GRUS ?ANR CO>S] GRA9$ "OS4 ,2C !r F9E-GRA9$ ROCKSR O3UR MO/LY Z DIKES &r O!R SMALL BODIES1 !YR H LESS E6ECT ONr MAJOR L&=MS1 AL? !YR "S"TS CR1TE Rr SPECTACUL> F1TURESR 7FIGS4 #DG1;Rr #DH74;RNRNR RNRNR ,! -POSI;N & TEXTURE (r METAMORPHIC ROCKSR AL A6ECT _! W1!R+ &r ERO.N4 ,AG1 !R PRES;E ( MICA FACILITATESr BR1KUP (! ROCK DUR+R W1!R+4 ,! MO/r RESI/ANT METAMORPHIC ROCKS >] ^? 3TA9+r ABUNDANT QU>TZ1 S* Z METAMORPHOS$Rr S&/"O1 & ^? MADE D5SE & H>DR F BAK+ BYr MAGMA4 ,_M METAMORPHIC ROCKS >] Mr RESI/ANT ?AN PLUTONIC ROCKS2 METAMORPHICr ROCKSR HOLD UP M* (! ,SI]RAN CRE/ AL;G !r EA/ $G] (! P>K1 Z WELL Z ! ,RITT] ,RANGEr S\?EA/ ( !R P>K4RNRNR R R R R RRNR RNRNRr R ,7,KNOBS7'RRNR R R R R R ,,KNOBS (r RESI/ANT F9E-GRA9$R DIORITE PROTRUDEr FROMR W1!R$ \TCROP SURFACE (R ,EL #ajgr ,CAPITAN ,GRANITE4R 7,FIG4 #DG7;R R RRNRr RRNR RRNRRNR R R ,,NATURAL ,,BRIDGE =M$r ": W1!R-RESI/ANTRRNR APLIT] BRIDGES ANr OP5+ EROD$ 9 "ULY+1RRNR LESS RESI/ANTr ,HALF ,DOM] ,GRANODIORITE4R 7,FIG4r #DH7;R R R RRNR R ,7,NATURALr ,BRIDGE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R RNRNRr ,,AG5TS ,,( ,,ERO.NRNRNR RNRNR ,ERO.N1r SIMPLY /AT$1 IS ! REMOVAL ( E>?r MAT]IALSR F HI< >1S 6L[ >1S4 ,ERO.N ?USr T5DS TOR LEVEL A HI< >EA4RNRNR RNRNRr ,TWO AG5TS ( ERO.N >E *IEFLY RESPONSI#r =R SCULPT+ ! PRES5T ,YOSEMITEr L&SCAPEFL[+R WAT] & GLACIAL ICE4 ,FL[+r WAT] _H ! MAJOR ROLE1R & GLACI]S A4$ !r F9AL T\*ES4 ,! MAJOR DRA9AGES1R ! 9T]V5+r DIVIDES1 &! G5]AL L&=MSR 7 ALL E/ABLI%$r 2F GLACI,N4 ,"S (R ! GLACIAL MODIFIC,NSr 7 PROF.D3 ! CRE,N (R ALP9E TOPOGRAPHYr FULL ( CIRQUES & >ETES AL;G !R HI<]r DIVIDES1 ! R.D+ ( _M VALLEYS F ;,V-%AP$Rr 6;,U-%AP$ & _! /RAILY 9 M.TA9\S T]RA94R ,9 ! W9T] (r #AIHB1 A ROCKFALL DROPP$ HUGE BLOCKS (Rr GRANITE ON ,R\TE #ADJ NE> ! JUNC;N (!r ,OLDR ,C\LT]VILLE ,ROAD1 AB #B MI EA/ (!r ,>* ,ROCKR ,5TR.E ,/,NR 7FIG4 #DI74;R ,!r HIILYRRNR CLOS$ ! ,EL ,PORTALr ,ROAD EA/ ( ,>* ,ROCK ,5TR.E ,/,NRRNR 9Rr #AIHB UNTIL A WAY CD 2 BLA/$ "? !r DEBRIS4RRNR ,7,$ITORS NOTE3R ,? B\LD] 0r DEMOLI%$ 0ROAD CREWS AF ! #AIIG;RRNRr FLOO4EA47'R 7,FIG4 #DI7;R R RRNR R R R Rr RNRNR ,,! ,,ROLE ,,( ,,FL[+ ,,WAT]RNRNRr RNRNR ,! "W ( FL[+ WAT] C 2 SE5 AT ALLr SCALES1R F T ( T9Y RIVULETS CASCAD+ D[Nr A SLOPE AF > RA9 & TRANSPORT+ #ajir SOIL-SIZE "PICLES1 6RAG+ FLOODR TORR5TSr ) /R1MS US+ /"OS Z HAMM]S 6BR1KR UPr MAT]IAL 9 _! B$S4 ,B FL[+ WAT] Cr TRANSPORTR COB#S & B\LD]S ONLY DUR+ !r HI<-5]GY1R TURBUL5T FL[ ( FLOODS4 ,?US1r ! E6ECTIVE;S (R ERO.N 0FL[+ WAT] DEP5DSr L>GELY ON PROCESSES (R W1!R+1 ! BR1KD[Nr ( P>5T ROCK 96MOLECULESR & ROCK OR M9]ALr FRAG;TS T ! /R1MSR C TRANSPORTr EASILY4RNRNR RNRNR ,)! ONSET ( LATEr ,C5OZOIC UPLIFT (! RANGE1R ! MAJOR /R1MSr 7 REJUV5AT$ & MADE MOR] VIGOR\S 0_!r 9CR1S$ GRADI5TS4 ,9 A M.TA9R RANGE T ISr RIS+ FA/] ?AN UPL& MAT]IAL C 2R REMOV$1r ! T5D5CY IS = MAJOR /R1MS 6CUT DEEPRr CANYONS1 ) BO? ! LOCAL TOPOGRAPHICr RELIEF & !R MAXIMUM ELEV,N (! RANGEr 9CR1S+4 ,? CANYONR CUTT+ REQUIRES Tr RIV]-*ANNEL 9CI.N 2 FA/]R ?AN HILLSLOPEr ERO.N4 ,IF RIV]-*ANNEL 9CI.N CANR KEEPr UP ) UPLIFT B HILLSIDE ERO.N _C1 !NRr /R1M *ANNELS 2COME PROGRESSIVELY DEEP5$r RELATIV] 6>1S 2T /R1MS4 ,9 "PICUL>1 =r ROCKS RESI/ANTR 6W1!R+1 *ANNEL 9CI.N W 2r RELATIVELYR M* FA/] ?AN HILLSLOPE #aajr ERO.N1 &A CANYON ISR =M$4 ,YOSEMITE HASr SUP]B EXAMPLES 9 ! CANYONSR (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV]1 ! ,M]C$ ,RIV]R 7FIG4 #EJ71;R &R !r ,S\? ,=K (! ,M]C$ ,RIV]4 ,! UPP] BAS9SRr ( ^! RIV]S 7 LAT] MODIFI$ 0GLACIALr ERO.N1R B ! FACT T ! RIV]S FL[ 9 DEEPr CANYONS 2YONDR ! WE/]N R1* ( PA/ GLACI]Sr %[S T CANYONR RUTT+ 0 A3OMPLI%$ SOLELYr 0! AC;N (R /R1MS4RNRNR R RRNRRNR Rr ,7,DEEPLY 9CIS$1 UNGLACIAT$ CANYON (!r ,M]C$ ,RIV]7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,DEEPLY ,,9CIS$1 ,,UNGLACIAT$ ,,CANYONr ( !RRNR ,M]C$ ,RIV] AB #G MI WE/ ( ,ELr ,PORTAL4RRNR ,PHOTOGRAPH BYR ,DALLAS ,L4r ,PECK4R 7,FIG4 #EJ7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,!r G5]AL C\RSES (! MAJOR /R1MS 9Rr ,YOSEMITE1 ) FEW EXCEP;NS1 7 PROBABLYr 9H]IT$R F ! PREUPLIFT DRA9AGE PATT]N &r DEP5D MA9LYR AN ! WE/]LY SLOPE (! RANGE4r ,! C\RSES ( !R TRIBUT>IES 6! TRUNK /R1MSr &! %APES ( _!R DRA9AGE BAS9S DEP5D M ONr GRANITE -POSI;NR & JO9TS1 Z 4CUSS$ 9r PREVI\S SEC;NS4R ,! RESULTS ( /R1M 9CI.Nr >E DEPICT$ 9 A S]IESR ( SKET*ES Tr 9T]PRET L&SCAPE DEVELOP;T F > #aaar REGION ( G5TLY ROLL+ HILLS ) ME&]+r /R1MSR 6"O ( CANYONL&S CUT 96! UPL&r SURFAC] 7FIG4R #EA74;R ,^! SC5ES %D 2r VIEW$ Z SNAP%OTS 9 > 3T9U+ PROCESS1 Rr ?AN Z 4T9CT /AGES 9R L&SCAPE EVOLU;N4r ,NOTE T GRANITE DOMES =M ASR ! RELIEFr 9CR1SES4 ,! F9AL SC5E IS "O 3CEP;NR (r :AT ,YOSEMITE LOOK$ L AB #B OR #Cr MILLION YE>SR AGO1 2F ! ONSET (r GLACI,N4RNRNR R RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,UPLIFEr & /R1M 9CI.N ( ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY7'RRNR Rr R R RRNR R R RRNR R ,,UPLIFT ,,& ,,/R1Mr ,,9CI.N4 ,A1 ,AB #AE MILLION YE>S AGO1 !r ,YOSEMITE >EA 0 A ROLL+ SURFACE (R R.D$r HILLS & BROAD VALLEYS ) ME&]+ /R1MS4 ,B1r ,0#AJ MILLION YE>S AGO1 UPLIFT (! RANGEr 0 SU6ICI5T TOR /EEP5 /R1M GRADI5TS1 &!r VALLEYS DEEP5$4 ,C1 ,2F ! ONSET (r GLACI,N POSSIBLY "S #B MILLION YE>Sr AGO1R /R1MS _H 9CIS$ DEEP CANYONS 96!r WE/ FLANK (! RANGE4R 7,FIG4 #EA7;R R R Rr R RNRNR ,,! ,,ROLE ,,( ,,GLACI]SRNRNRr RNRNR ,! ,YOSEMITE L&SCAPE Z WE SEE X TDr /R;GLYR REFLECTS ! DYNAMIC 9FLU;E ( MOV+r ICE T L;GR AGO COV]$ M* ( X S"EAL #aabr "TS4 ,WE >E /ILLR UNC]TA9 Z 6H[ _M "TSr ICE MANTL$ ,YOSEMITE1R B AT L1/ ?REEr MAJOR GLACI,NS H BE5 WELLR DOCU;T$ 9 !r ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 & O!R EVID;ER SU7E/Sr A4I;NAL GLACIAL EPISODES4RNRNR RNRNRr ,=M,N ( GLACI]S REQUIRES T "S (! SN[R Tr FALLS EA* W9T] P]SI/ "? ! FOLL[+R SUMM]r 96! NEXT W9T]S A3UMUL,N S1SON4R R ,?US1r H1VY W9T] SN[FALL OR COOL SUMM]r TEMP]ATURES1R OR BO?1 FAVOR ! GR[? (r GLACI]S4 ,IF !S] 3DI;NS P]SI/ =A FEWr C5TURIES1 POSSIBLY LESS1 !R LAY]S (r A3UMULAT+ SN[ =M A DEPOSIT ?ICKR 5 =!r SN[ 9 ! L[] "P (! DEPOSIT TOR 2 -PACT$r 96IC] 7FIG4 #EB74;R ,AT A ?ICK;S ( ABRr #AJJ FT1 ICE 2G9S 6FL[ \TW>D "U XS [Nr WEID 96!r GLACI]2R ! "YE/ LAY]S >E HIKr ,S]VICE COLLEC;N4R 7,FIG4 #EB7;R R RRNRr RNRNR ,Z ! GLACI] FL[S D[NHILL1 X 5T]Sr REGIONS (R W>M] CLIMATE1 ": ! SN[ DOES Nr P]SI/ FROMR YE> 6YE>4 ,! B.D>Y ": LOSS Fr MELT+ &R EVAPOR,N EQUALS A3UMUL,N Fr SN[FALL IS CALL$R ! ANNUAL SN[L9E ORr FIRN LIMIT FIRN 2+ !R T]M = "PI,Y -PACT$r SN[ C>RI$ OV] FROMR PREVI\S S1SONSRr 7FIG4 #EC74;R ,! FIRN LIMIT FLUCTUATESRr F YE> 6YE> 9 RESPONSE 6*ANGES 9r PRECIPIT,NR & TEMP]ATURE4 ,! FIRN LIMITr C 2 Z M*R Z #A1JJJ FT L[] 9 ELEV,N ON !r %AD$ NOR?R SIDES ( M.TA9 P1KS ?AN ON _!r SUNNY S\?R SIDES4 ,= ? R1SON1 NE>LY ALLr (! SMALL PRES5T-"DR GLACI]S 9 ! ,SI]RAr >E ON NOR?-FAC+ SLOPES4RNRNR R R Rr RRNRRNR R ,7,VALLEY GLACI]7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR RNRNR ,! SEC;N (! GLACI] "? : !Rr MAXIMUM AM.T ( ICE FL[S CO9CIDES )!r FIRNR R R R LIMIT1 2C Z ! GLACI] FL[Sr T[>D ! FIRNR LIMIT1 X IS 3T9U,Y AUG;T$r 0NEW NET SN[FALL2R & D[NVALLEY F ! FIMr LIMIT1 M ICE ISR LO/ 0MELT+ &r EVAPOR,NTOGE!R CALL$R ABL,N1* YE> #aadr ?AN IS A4$ 0SN[FALL4 ,Z !R GLACI] FL[Sr D[NVALLEY F ! FIRN LIMIT1 M &R M (! ICEr ABLATES1 &! GLACI] GR[S ?9N]R OR N>R[]1r OR BO?4 ,ULTIMATELY A PO9T IS R1*$R ": !r ICE FRONT C ADV.E NO F>!R 2CAUS] ! ICEr MELTS "! Z RAPIDLY Z X IS PROVID$ BYRr 9FL[ F UPGLACI]4 ,IF ! YE>LY RATES (r A3UMUL,NR & ABL,N 7 3/ANT1 ? PO9T WD 2Rr FIX$4 ,H["E1 !Y V>Y1 &= T R1SON ALON] !r T]M9US (! GLACI] IS N LIKELY 6BE FIX$ 9Rr POSI;N4 ,Z ! CLIMATE TURNS W>M] OR DRI]1r > GLACI] W GRADU,Y WA/E AWAY1 R ?ANr MELT+R CATA/ROPHIC,Y4RNRNR RNRNRr ,GLACIAL ERO.NRNRNR R RRNRRNR R ,7,RO*Er M.TONNEE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,RO*Er ,,M\TONNEE1 SEC;N$ 6%[ ! 9FLU;E (RRNRr JO9T+ ON XS DEVELOP;T4 ,! ICE MOVESr UPW>D OV] UNJO9T$RRNR ROCK1 SMOO?+ X (F1r & PLUCKS UP & C>RIES AWAY BLOCKS (RRNRr JO9T$ ROCK4R 7,FIG4 #ED7;R R R RRNRr RNRNR ,! VELOC;Y AT : A GLACI] SLIPS OV]r XS B$ ISR ONLY AB HALF ! ICE VELOC;Yr M1SUR$ AT XS SURFACE2R ! DI6];E IS TAK5r UP 0DE=M,N )9 !R MOV+ ICE4 ,B X IS !r SLIPPAGE OV] ! B$ T ISR RESPONSI# #aaer = GLACIAL ERO.N4 ,:]"E BASAL FL[ ISRr ESPECI,Y /R;G1 OR ! ROCK EASILY REMOV$1r B$ROCKR BAS9S >E C>V$1 : EV5TU,Y HOLDr LAKES4 ,!R GLACI]S WID5 & DEEP5 VALLEYr BOTTOMS 6GIVE > "*I/IC ;,U-%AP$ PROFILE4r ,ON ! LEESIDES ( B$ROCKR PROJEC;NS 96!r ICE >E REGIONS ( L[ PRESSUR] ": MELTWAT]r REFREEZES 9 CRACKS 9 ! ROCK1 PRY+R LOOSEr BLOCKS ( B$ROCK T >E !N 9CORPORAT$ 9TORr ! GLACIAL ICE & QU>RI$ AWAY4 ,ASYMMETRICr ROCKR KNOBS ) SMOO?LY ABRAD$ /OSS1 ORr UP/R1M1 SIDESR & JA7$ & QU>RI$ LEESIDESr >E CALL$R RO*ES M\TONNEES & RECORD !r DIREC;N ( GLACI] FL[R 7FIG4 #ED74;Rr ,-MONLY TRANSLAT$ Z %EEP1 M\TONNE] ISr ACTU,Y A ,FR5* ADJECTIVE M1N+ FLEECY2R !r T]M 0 9TRODUC$ 96GEOLOGY 9 #AGHF TORr DESCRIBE R.D$ ,ALP9E HILLS ^: REP1T$r CURVES1R TAK5 Z A :OLE & Z SE5 F Ar 4T.E1R RESEM# A ?ICK FLEECE4 ,Z ROCKr FRAG;TS EMB$D$R 9 ! BASAL ICE >E DRA7$r ACR ! B$ROCKR SURFACE1 !Y IM"P SCRAT*ES1r GROOVES1 CRESC5TICR G\GES1 &A %9+ POLI%Rr 7FIG4 #EE74;RNRNR R R RRNR RNRNR Rr ,7,IMPR9TS ON ! ROCK3 GLACIAL #aafr POLI% & /RI,NS7'RRNR R RRNR ,7,IMPR9TSr ON ! ROCK3 GLACIAL POLI% & /RI,NS7'RRNRr R RRNR ,BR R RRNR R R ,,IMPR9TS ,,ON ,,!r ,,ROCK LEFT 0PASS+ DEBRIS-LAD5R ICE4Rr ,A1 ,GLACIAL POLI% & /RI,NS 7L[] "R74r ,CRESC5TICR G\GES1 OR P]CUS.N M>KS1 >Er VISI# 9 C5T]2 HORNS ( !R CRESC5TS PO9Tr UPGLACI]4 ,*ATT] M>KS 7N ILLU/RAT$7 3SI/r (R A GR\P ( CRESC5T-%AP$ CRACKS PO9T+r D[NGLACI]1 BUTR G5],Y !Y D N =M G\GES4r ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,JOHN ,P4 ,LOCKWOOD4R ,B1r ,GLACIAL POLI% & /RI,NS4 ,POLI%$ SURFACEr LAY]R FLAKES (F1 & ? EVID;E ( GLACI,Nr GRADU,Y 4APPE>S4R ,? EXCELL5T & A3ESSI#r EXPOSURE IS AT ! FOOT ( ,POLLY ,DOM]r AL;G ! ,TIOGA ,ROAD ON ! NOR? SIDE (r ,T5AYA ,LAKE4R 7,FIG4 #EE7;R R RRNRr RNRNR ,ANO!R F1TURE ( GLACIAL ERO.N IS !r B[L-%AP$1R !AT]LIKE VALLEY H1D CALL$ Ar CIRQU] 7FIG4R #EF74;R ,DUR+ ! SUMM]r S1SON1 :5 NO NEW SN[R IS A3UMULAT+ &!r ICE PULLS AWAY F ! ROCKR FACE AT ! H1D (r ! GLACI]1 A GRT CREVICE1 CALL$R Ar B]GS*RUND1 OP5S4 ,? OP5+ EXPOSES ! ROCKRr AT ! H1D (! CIRQUE 6FREEZ+ & #aagr ?AW+1R R R RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,M.TA9r CRE/7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,M.TA9r ,,CRE/1 %[+ VALLEY GLACI] & GLACIALRRNRr SCULPTURE4R 7,FIG4 #EF7;R R R RRNR R :r W$GES BLOCKS ( ROCK FREE F ! BASE ( !Rr CLIFF4 ,! FRE$ BLOCKS1 FROZ5 96! MA9r MASS (R ICE DUR+ ! W9T] S1SON1 >E !Nr TRANSPORT$R \ ( TIE CIRQUE 0! GLACI]2r RETR1T ( !R H1DWALL ?US 5L>GES !r CIRQUE4RNRNR RNRNR ,! CLI6S 2H ! CIRQUESr & ABV ! GLACI]R SURFACE ELSE": >E ALr SCULPT$ 0! FREEZ+ (R WAT] 9 CRACKS 9 !r ROCK4 ,EXPAN.N ( WAT] :5R X FREEZES 6ICEr BR1KS & W$GES \ BLOCKS1 :I*R !N AVALAN*Er ONTO ! GLACI]S SURFACE 2L4 ,!R FALL+r BLOCKS KNOCK LOOSE ANY PROJECT+ ROCK 9Rr _! PA?S1 & *IP AWAY FRAG;TS Z !Y B\NC] Rr D[N ! CLIFF FACE4 ,! HOLL[S CR1T$ 0!Rr DETA*;T ( ^! BLOCKS & 0! ERO.N !YR CAUSEr ON _! FALL COLLECT & HOLD M MOI/UR] ?ANr D ! PROJECT+ RIBS 2T !M2 !Y ?USR RETR1Tr M RAPIDLY 0FRO/ W$G+ ?AN D !R RIBS1 S Tr EV5 IF 9ITI,Y SMOO?1 A CLIFF FACE1R GIV5r 5 "T1 C 2COME 9TRICATELYRr SCULPTUR$4RNRNR RNRNR ,Z ! CLI6S #aahr ON OPPOSITE SIDES (A RIDGE >] QU>RI$r BACK 0FRO/ AC;N ABV ! ACTIVE CIRQU]r GLACI]S1 !Y EV5TU,Y 9T]SECT 6=M A %>P1Rr JA7$ ROCK CRE/ CALL$ AN >ETE1 ) %>Pr P1KS1R CALL$ HORNS1 ": ! RIDGES BRAN*Rr 7FIG4 #EF74;R ,!R %>P *ANGE 9 "* (!r WALLS ( GLACIAT$R VALLEYSFROM 9TRICATE &r JA7$ SCULPTUR+ ABV1R 6SMOO? SCULPTUR+r 2L[M>KS ! $GE1 ORR TRIML9E1 (! =M]r GLACI] & MAKES X POSSI# TOR RECON/RUCT !r =M] M>G9 (! M.TA9R ICEFIELDR 7FIG4r #EG74;RNRNR R RRNRRNR R R ,,JA7$r ,,UNGLACIAT$ ,,SPIRES ( ,UNICORN ,P1Kr RIS+RRNR ABV SMOO? %\LD]S ( GLACI,Yr SC\R$ GRANITE4 ,B.D>YRRNR 2T JA7$r SCULPTURE ABV & SMOO? 2L1 CALL$ !r TRIML9E1RRNR M>KS UPP] LIMIT (A =M]r GLACI] AL;G ! VALLEY WALL4R 7,FIG4r #EG7;R R R RRNR R ,7,JA7$ UNGLACIAT$r SPIRES7'RRNR R R R RRNR RNRNR ,GLACIAT$r VALLEYS >E NE>LY /RAI MAJORr FACTOR L1D+ 6! ;,U-%AP$ CROSSPROFILE (Rr GLACIAL VALLEYS IS ! ABIL;Y (A GLACI] TOr ERODE F> UPR ! VALLEY WALLS4 ,! 5TIREr GLACIAT$ VALLEY 0 ONC] O3UPI$ 0! =M]r GLACI] T C>V$ X1 ":AS > /R1M O3UPIESr ONLY ! V BOTTOM ( XS VALLEY4RNRNR RNRNRr ,9 A4I;N 6TRUNCAT$ SPURS1 HANG+r TRIBUT>YR VALLEYS >E =M$ ON ! SIDES (r GLACIAT$ VALLEYS4 ,9 > L&SCAPE DEVELOP$r 0/R1M ERO.N1 TRIBUT>YR /R1MS NORM,Y JO9r ! MA9-?9K RIV] AT ! SAM] LEVEL4 ,DUR+r GLACI,N1 ! UPP] SURFACES ( !R GLACI]Sr O3UPY+ ! TRIBUT>Y VALLEYS JO9 AT !r LEVELR (! SURFACE (! ICE FILL+ ! #abjr MA9 *ANNEL2 BUTR 2N ! ICE ! TRUNKr GLACI]1 ) XS GRT]R ?ICK;S & EROSIVE P[]1r C>VES M* M DEEPLYR 96! B$ROCK ?AN !r TRIBUT>Y GLACI]S C4 ,:5R ! GLACI] WA/ESr AWAY &! ICE IS ALL G"O1 !R TRIBUT>Yr VALLEYS >E LEFT HANG+ HI< UP ON ! SIDESr (R ! TRUNK VALLEY1 & _! /R1MS CASCADE ORr FALL TOR JO9 ! MA9 RIV] 2L[R 7FIG4r #EH74;R ,DUR+ ! "TR S9CE ! PRE-,TAHOEr GLACI,N1 :5 ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYR ACQUIR$r NE>LY XS PRES5T =M1 SPRAY F ! WAT]FALLSRr FREEZ+ 9 CRACKS IB ! ROCK AT ! BASE (!r CLI6R PROMOT$ SPALL+ ( ROCK SLABS "! &r =M$ !R RECESS$ ALCOVES 96: ! FALLS N[r L1P4 ,MO/ (R ! WAT]FALLS 9 ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY =M$ 9 ? MANN]R &1 9DE$1 >E !r F9E/ EXAMPLES ANY":R 7FIG4 #EI74;R ,?US1r "?\T ! _W ! "N ,YOSEMITE HASR -E 6SPELLr WAT]FALLS4RNRNR R R RRNRRNR R R ,,VALLEYr ,,MODIFIC,N 0GLACIAL ERO.N1 %[+R /AGES 9r ! 3V].N (A ME&]+ ;,V-%AP$ VALLEY 96>r /RAIr ABV ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYRRNR FLOOR4Rr ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,JULIA ,A4 ,?OMAS4R 7,FIG4r #EI7;R R RRNR R R R RNRNR ,GLACIALr DEPOSI;NRNRNR RNRNR ,GLACI,Y C>V$ L&=MSr >E ! MO/ /RIK+R EVID;E (! PASSAGE (r L;G-G"O ICE MASSES4 ,BUTR GLACI]S M/r EV5TU,Y DEPOSIT ! MAT]IALS !Y >]r TRANSPORT+1 & 9 ! PROCESS !Y AL BUILDr UPR "*I/IC L&=MS4 ,! MAT]IAL DEPOSIT$r BYR GLACI]S IS AN UNSORT$ MIXTURE (r B\LD]S1 S&1 &R CLAY CALL$ TILLR 7FIG4r #FJ74;R ,TILL MAY 2 DEPOSIT$ 0!R GLACI]r ON XS B$ Z X IS ACTIVELY FL[+1 OR !r TILLR MAY 2 LEFT 2H Z ! ICE MELTS AWAY1r G5],YR 2G9N+ Z AN A3UMUL,N ( ROCK DEBRISr ON !R ICE SURFACE4 ,O!R DEPOSI;NALr EVID;E ( IC] 9CLUDES GLACIAL ]RATICS1r B\LD]S LEFT 2H Z !R ICE MELT$R 7FIG4r #FA74;R ,DIREC;N ( GLACIAL TRANSPORT ISRr -MONLY 9DICAT$ 0B\LD]S ( ROCK TYPESr DI6]5TR F ! B$ROCK ON : !Y RE/1 B ?ATR Cr 2 TRAC$ BACK UPGLACI] 6A S\RCE >EA4Rr ,":AS TILL IS ! UNSORT$ MAT]IAL #abbr DEPOSIT$ 0> GLACI]1 ! DEPOSIT XF IS "KNr Z MORA9E1 &R S* MORA9E TAKES DI6]5Tr TOPOGRAPHIC =MS1R DEP5D+ ON H[ ! TILL 0r DEPOSIT$4RNRNR RRNRNRNR R ,7,GLACIALr TILL7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,GLACIALr ,,TILL1 AN UNSORT$ MIXTURE ( B\LD]S1 S&1r &RRNR CLAY1 EXPOS$ AL;G ! ,TIOGA ,ROADr AT ,SIE/A ,LAKE4R 7,FIG4 #FJ7;R R R Rr RRNR R ,7,GLACIAL ERATIC7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR R R ,,GLACIAL ,,]RATIC TRANSPORT$r 0A GLACI] & LEFTRRNR PREC>I\SLYR BAL.EDr NE> ,OLM/$ ,PO9T Z ! ICE MELT$4RRNRr 7,FIG4 #FA7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,! MO/r 4T9CTIVE MORA9AL F1TURES 9 ! ,SI]R>r ,NEVADA >E LAT]AL MORA9ES1 L9E> RIDGES (r TILL ?ATR RE/ ON ! SIDES (! GLACIAT$r VALLEY & EXT5DR P>ALLEL 6! VALLEY AXISRr 7FIG4 #FB74;R ,^! RIDGESR G5],Y DEF9E !r MAXIMUM HEI.D AT _! L[] 5DS 6=MR T]M9ALr MORA9ES1 RIDGES ( TILL DEPOSIT$ AT !r T]M9USR (A GLACI]4 ,:5 A GLACIAL CYCLEr 5DS1 GLACI]SR D N ALW MELT BACK UNI=MLY2r 9/1D1 !YR -MONLY PAUSE P]IODIC,Y 9 #abcr _! RETR1T1 3/RUCT+R A S]IES ( RECES.NALr MORA9ES4 ,EXCELL5TR EXAMPLES ( ALL ^!r V>IETIES ( MORA9ES C 2R SE5 9 ,LEE ,V9+r ,CANYON J EA/ (! P>KR 7FIG4R #FC74;RNRNRr RNRNR ,MO/ (! T]M9AL & RECES.NAL MORA9ESr ONR ! WE/ SIDE (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA H BE5Rr BR1*$ OR REMOV$ 0SWIFT MELTWAT] /R1MS1r &R X IS D\BT;L :E!R !Y 7 EV5 DEPOSIT$ 9Rr ! /EEP N>R[ CANYONS ( MO/ (! WE/-FL[+Rr /R1MS1 S* Z ! ,M]C$ ,RIV] WE/ (r ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY4 ,! GLACI]S T DEB\*$r ONTO !R L[L&S AL;G ! EA/ BASE (! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1R H["E1 LEFT 4T9CT T]M9ALr MORA9ES1 "S (R : PRES5TLY 5CLOSEr LAKES4RNRNR RNRNR ,": TWO GLACI]S JO9 TOr =M A S+LE TRUNKR GLACI]1 ! LAT]ALr MORA9ES 2+ =M$ ON _!R ADJO9+ SIDES Wr 3T9UE Z A L9E> TRA9 (R DEBRIS \TW>D ONTOr ! SURFACE (! TRUNK GLACI]4R R ,? TRA9 ISr CALL$ A M$IAL MORA9E1 & :5 !R GLACI]r MELTS1 ! DEBRIS W =M A L9E> RIDG]r P>ALLEL 6! AXIS (! GLACIAL VALLEY4 ,S* >r M$IAL MORA9E C 2 SE5 ": ! ,M]C$ &Rr ,T5AYA ,GLACI]S ONCE JO9$ AT ! EA/ 5D (Rr ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4RNRNR RNRNR ,! #abdr TOTAL AM.T ( TILL LEFT Z MORA9E 9Rr ,YOSEMITE & ELSE": ON ! WE/ SLOPE ( !Rr ,SI]RA ,NEVADA IS SMALL1 H["E1 9 -P>ISONr )R ! AM.T ( GLACI,Y DERIV$ DEBRIS T WASRr FLU%$ \ (! M.TA9S 0/R1MS SWOLL5 )Rr GLACIAL MELTWAT]4 ,MO/ ( T DEBRIS 0 !NRr DEPOSIT$ Z ALLUVIAL FANS & VALLEY FILL 9r !R ,C5TRAL ,VALLEY1 & "S (! F9] MAT]IALr TRAVEL$R EV5 F>!R1 F9,Y -+ 6RE/ 9 ! ,SANr ,FRANCISCO ,BAYR &! ,PACIFIC ,OC1N4RNRNRr R R RRNRRNRRNR R ,7,MORA9ES7'RRNR R R Rr RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,MORA9ES 9 ,LEE ,V9+r ,CANYON7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,MORA9ESr ,,9 ,,LEE ,,V9+ ,,CANYON EA/ ( ,TIOG>RNRr ,PASS1 LOOK+ WE/W>D T[>D CRE/ (! ,SI]RA4r ,PAIR$ LAT]ALRRNR MORA9ES ON BO? SIDES (r ! CANYON EXT5D T[>D ! VIEW]2 !RRNR \T]r PAIR 7,O7 REPRES5T ! ,TAHOE GLACI,N1 &!r 9N] PAIRRRNR 7,I7 ! ,TIOGA GLACI,N4 ,!r 9N] PAIR ( MORA9ES COALESCE TORRNR =M Ar T]M9AL MORA9E 7,T7 AT L[] LEFT4 ,Ar RECES.NAL MORA9]RNR 7,R7 CROSSES !r VALLEY Z A L[1 TREE-L9$ RIDGE4r ,PHOTOGRAPH BYRRNR ,CLYDE ,WAHRHAFTIG4Rr 7,FIG4 #FC7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,! #aber ,RECORD (R ,PLEI/OC5E ,GLACI,NSRNRNRr RNRNR ,! RECORD ( GLACI,N 9 ,YOSEMITEr ,N,NAL ,P>K ISR V 9COMPLETE4 ,ONLY =!r LA/ TWO MAJOR GLACI,NSR C ! EXT5T (! ICEr 2 RECON/RUCT$ ) ANYR 3FID;E4 ,OLD]r GLACIAL DEPOSITS1 IF PRES]V$ AT ALL1R >Er S FRAG;T>Y T X IS G5],Y IMPOSSI# TORr 4T+UI% ! SEP>ATE ICE ADV.ES T MAY HAV]r DEPOSIT$ !M4 ,! GLACI]S GREW & MELT$r AWAY 9R RESPONSE 6CLIMATIC *ANGES ( L;Gr DUR,N T W]] PROBABLY _WWIDE1 & S Ar RECORD ( ALL ! GLACI,NSR T MIGEr VOLUMES (R WAT] EVAPORAT$ F ! OC1NS >Cr /OR$ ON L& ASR ICE2 ? /ORAGE CAUSES Ar DECR1SE 9 ! VOLUME (R WAT] REMA9+ 9 !r OC1NS4 ,DUR+ EVAPOR,N (R S1WAT]1 ! LIE\S %ELLSRr ^: RATIO ( OXYG5 ISOTOPES IS -P>A# 6T (Rr ! WAT] 9 : ! ORGANISMS LIV$4 ,M1SURE;TSRr ( FLUCTU,NS 9 ? RATIO PROVIDE 9DIRECTr M1SURE;TSR ( ICE VOLUME1 ) "TS ( L>GEr ICE VOLUM] 9T]PRET$ Z GLACIAL EPISODES4r ,ISOTOPIC M1SURE;TSR ON S* %ELLSr EXTRACT$ F DEEP-SEA S$I;T SAMPLESRr 9DICATE AB #AJ MAJOR GLACIAL EPISODESr DUR+ !R PA/ #A MILLION YE>S4 ,NORM,Y1r EVID;E = ONLY > SMALL FRAC;N ( ^!r GLACI,NS C 2 F.D 9 > R R R GIV5 >EA ONr L&1 2C ! M EXT5SIVE GLACI]SR DE/ROY !r MORA9ES ( E>LI]1 LESS EXT5SIVE "OS4Rr ,ONLY IF OLD] GLACI]S EXT5D$ 2Y ! LIMITSr (R "Y] GLACI]S W ! OLD] DEPOSITS REMA9r 6DOCU;TR ! E>LI] GLACI]S EXI/;E1 & S !r GLACI,NSR N[ RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,YOSEMITE MAY 2r ONLY > FRAC;N ( ^? T ACTU,Y O3URR$4RNRNRr RNRNR ,FRANCOIS ,MAT!S PRES5T$ EVID;E =r ?REE MAJORR GLACI,NS 9 ,YOSEMITE1 : HEr CALL$1 F "YE/R 6OLDE/1 ,WISCONS91 ,ELr ,PORTAL1 & ,GLACI] ,PO9T4R ,"W+ ON ! EA/r SIDE (! ,SI]RA AB ! SAM] "T1 ,ELIOTr ,BLACKWELD] RECOGNIZ$ F\R MAJOR #abgr GLACI,NS3R ,TIOGA1 ,TAHOE1 ,%]W91 &r ,MC,GEE2 ^! LATT]R T]MS H 2COME FIRMLYr E/ABLI%$ & H L>GELYR REPLAC$ ^? (r ,MAT!S4 ,8 ,WISCONS9 IS N[R ?"\ 69CLUDEr EQUIVAL5TS ( BO? ! ,TIOGA &R ,TAHOEr GLACI,NS1 & 8 ,EL ,PORTAL IS PROBABLYr EQUIVAL5TR RRNRNRNR R ,7,TIOGAr MORA9E7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,TIOGAr ,,MORA9E 9 ,H>D5 ,LAKE >EA1 %[+ %>PRRNRr CRE/ & ABUNDANT B\LD]S EXPOS$ ONr SURFACE4R 7,FIG4 #FD7;R R R RRNR Rr ,7,TAHOE MORA9E7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,TAHOE ,,MORA9E 9 ,H>D5 ,LAKE >EA1 %[+r SUBDU$RRNR CRE/ & ONLY SCATT]$ B\LD]Sr EXPOS$ ON SURFACE4R 7,FIG4 #FE7;R R R Rr RRNR R ,7,P]*$ ]RATIC7'RRNR R R R RRNR Rr R ,,P]*$ ,,]RATIC DEPOSIT$ ON RIDGE WE/r ( ,UPP]RRNR ,YOSEMITE ,FALL DUR+ Ar PRE-,TAHOE GLACI,N4 ,P$E/AL HEIK ,S]VIC]RNRr COLLEC;N4R 7,FIG4 #FF7;R R RRNR R 6!r ,%]W94 ,! EVID;E = ,MAT!S SEP>AT]r ,GLACI] ,PO9T GLACI,N IS #abhr UNCONV9C+1 & !R] MAY N 2 AN EQUIVAL5T (!r ,MC,GEE 9 ,YOSEMITE4R ,_M A4I;NALr GLACIAL EPISODES H BE5 PROPOS$ TOR A3.Tr =! DIV]SE DEPOSITS ( TILL1 \-WA%1 &Rr GLACIAL-LAKE S$I;T ON ! EA/ SIDE (!r ,SI]R> ,NEVADA4 ,"! IS 4AGREE;T1 H["E1 Zr 6:E!RR EA* ( ^! DEPOSITS REPRES5TSr SEP>ATE GLACI,NS ORR PULSES )9 MAJORr GLACI,NS1 & !Y H N BE5R RECOGNIZ$ 9r ,YOSEMITE4RNRNR RNRNR ,9 ,YOSEMITE1r DEPOSITS ( ?REE SEP>ATE GLACIALr EPISODESR >E N[ 4T+UI%$ ON ! FOLL[+r BASIS3RNRNR RNRNR #A4 ,TIOGA 7"YE/73r ,UNW1!R$ TILL 3SI/+ (R FRE% GRANITICr B\LD]S & LOOSE1 POR\S GRAVEL &R S&1 MAK+r %>P-CRE/$ MORA9ES T HAV] CLOSELY SPAC$r B\LD]S ON _! UPP] SURFACESR 7FIG4Rr #FD74;RNRNR RNRNR #B4 ,TAHOEr 79T]M$IATE73 ,SUBDU$ MORA9ES ^: BURI$Rr GRANODIORITE B\LD]S H -MONLY 49TEGRAT$Rr AT L1/ "PLY 6GNUS4 ,! SUMMITS ( !S]r MORA9ES T5D 6BE R.D$1 & EXPOS$ B\LD]SRr AL;G _! CRE/S >E G5],Y SP>S] 7FIG4r #FE74;RNRNR RNRNR #C4 ,PRE-,TAHOEr 7OLDE/73 ,\TSIDE ! ICE LIMITS #abir DEF9$ BYR ! 9T]M$IATE MORA9ES1 A FEWr GLACIAL ]RATICS1R -MONLY P]*$R 7FIG4r #FF71;R & PAT*ES ( =M.SR GLACIAL TILLr GIVE EVID;E ( AT L1/ "O E>LI] IC] ADV.Er M EXT5SIVE ?AN ! GLACI]S ?ATR DEPOSIT$ !r 9T]M$IATE MORA9ES4RNRNR RNRNR ,BYr RECOGNIZ+ ^! 4T9C;NS1 WE C AT L1/R "PLYr RECON/RUCT ! GLACIAL GEOLOGY (r ,YOSEMITE4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,GLACIALr ,GEOLOGY ( ,YOSEMIT]NRNR RNRNR ,!r GLACI,Y RELAT$ F1TURES ( TDS L&SCAPE1Rr BO? ERO.NAL & DEPOSI;NAL1 L>GELY REFLECTr !R LATE/ MAJOR GLACI,N1 ! ,TIOGA4 ,!r E6ECTS ( MULTIPL] GLACI,NS >Er CUMULATIVE1 H["E1 &! E6ECTSR ( E>LI]r GLACI,NS M/ H BE5 SUB/ANTIAL1R AL? WE Cr ONLY GAUGE !M 09F];E4 ,W] % EXAM9E ! 5Dr RESULTS ( ^! EPISODIC GLACI,NSR CULM9AT+r )! ,TIOGA1 & !N EXAM9] ! EVID;E =! "W (r E>LI] GLACI,NS4RNRNR RNRNR ,! ,TIOGAr GLACI,N 2GAN AB #CJ1JJJ 6#FJ1JJJ;R YE>Sr AGO1 :5 A COOL+ CLIMATE P]MITT$ SMALLRr GLACI]S 6DEVELOP 9 HI< CIRQUES ORIG9,Yr =M$ &R !N AB&ON$ 0E>LI] GLACI]S4 ,)r 3T9U$R COOL+1 ^! GLACI]S GREW & #acjr MOV$ \TW>D &R D[NW>D 6COALESCE 96A M.TA9r ICEFIELD1 )R ONLY ! HI<] P1KS & DIVIDESr PROJECT+ "? ASR >ETES & HORNS4 ,) FUR!Rr GR[?1 ! ICEFIELD F$R F+]S ( ICE 96!r MAJOR DRA9AGES ON ! WE/ SLOP] R R R (!r ,SI]RA1 UNTIL ! ICE R1*$ XS MAXIMUMr EXT5TR AB #AE1JJJ 6#BJ1JJJ YE>S AGORr 7FIG4 #FG74;RNRNR R RNRNR ,! ICEFIELD 9r ! UPP] ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] BAS91 &R 9 !r TRIBUT>Y BAS9S 6! NOR?1 F$ ! GLACI] ?ATRr MOV$ D[N ! CANYON (! ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV]R "?r ,HET* ,HET*Y ,VALLEY4 ,"S (! ICE FILL+Rr ! BAS9 (! ,LYELL ,=K (! ,TUOLUMNE SPILL$r OV]R L[ PASSES 6AUG;T ICE 9 ! ,M]C$r ,RIV] BAS9R T FL[$ D[N "? ,LL ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY4R ,TUOLUMNE ICE AL FL[$ OV] Ar PASS 96! ,T5AY> ,LAKE BAS9 & D[N ,T5AYAr ,CANYON 6JO9 ! MA9R ,M]C$ ,GLACI] 9r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4 ,DUR+ ! ,TIOG>r GLACI,N1 ! GLACI] 9 ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYr R1*$ ONLYR Z F> Z ,BRIDALVEILr ,M1D[4RNRNR R R RRNRRNR R R ,,TIOGAr ,,ICEFIELD ,,& ,,VALLEY ,,GLACI]S1 %[+Rr MAXIMUM EXT5T DUR+ ! ,TIOGA GLACI,N1 !r LA/ MAJORR GLACI,N 9 ! ,SI]RA #acar ,NEVADA1 : P1K$ AB #BJ1JJJ TOR #AE1JJJr YE>S AGO4R 7,FIG4 #FG7;R R R RRNR Rr ,7,TIOGA ICEFIELD & VALLEY GLACI]S7'RRNRr R R R RRNR RNRNR ,TIOGA ICE AL FL[$r EA/W>D F ! SUMMITR REGION 6CASCADE D[Nr CANYONS CUT 96! EA/R R R R R ESC>P;T (!r ,SI]RA4 ,S\?EA/ (! P>K1 IC] F ! ,M.Tr ,LYELL >EA FL[$ EA/W>D ONTO !R ,MONOr L[L& & S\?EA/W>D & S\?W>D D[NR ! ,MI4LEr & ,NOR? ,=KS (! ,SAN ,JOAQU9 ,RIV]4R ,9r ! S\!RN "P (! P>K1 ICE 9 ! ,S\? ,=KR (!r ,M]C$ ,RIV] R1*$ NE>LY 6! PRES5T SIT] (r ,WAWONA4RNRNR RNRNR ,9 A4I;N 6! MAJORr ICEFIELDS 9 ! H1DWAT]SR (! ,TUOLUMNE &r ,M]C$ ,RIV]S &! MAJORR VALLEY GLACI]S !Yr F$1 SMALL]1 ISOLAT$ GLACI]S =M$R 9r FAVORA# LOCALITIES1 Z ON ,BU5A ,VI/Ar ,CRE/1 ,HORS] ,RIDGE1 & ABV ,SIE/A ,LAKEr NE> ! ,TIOGA ,ROAD4R ,EA* PLAY$ A "P 9r CR1T+ TDS L&SCAPE4RNRNR RNRNR ,AT ! "T (r ! ,TIOGA GLACIAL MAXIMUM1 GLACIALR ,LAKEr ,RUSSELL 0 M* L>G] ?AN ! PRES5T-"DRr ,MONO ,LAK] 7FIG4 #FG74;R ,! SURFACEr ELEV,N ( ,LAK] ,RUSSELL AT T "T 0 ABr #F1HJJ FT1 #DBE FT HI<]R ?AN ! #acbr #AIHJ ELEV,N ( ,MONO ,LAKE ( AB #F1CGE;Rr R FT4 ,! 9CR1S$ VOLUME ( ,LAKE ,RUSSELLr 0 PROBABLYR DUE 6A M* L[] RATE (r EVAPOR,N ( WAT] FROMR ! LAKE DUR+ ,TIOGAr "T1 "PLY 2C ( !R PREVAIL+ COOL] CLIMATEr & "PLY 2C ! LAK] PROBABLY 0 COV]$ 0ICEr M* (! "T4RNRNR RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,U-%AP$r GLACIAT$ ,VALLEY1 ,LYELL ,=K (!r ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV]7'R R RRNR R R ;,U-,,%AP$r ,,GLACIAT$ ,,VALLEY1 ! ,LYELL ,=K (!r ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV]1 LOOK+ S\?W>D4Rr ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,ROB]T ,W4 ,CAM]ON4 Cr ,CAM]ON & ,-PANY2 US$ ) P]MIS.N4R 7,FIG4r #FH7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,! ,TUOLUMNEr ,M1D[S >EA IS "O (! MO/R A3ESSI#1 Z WELLr Z "O (! BE/1 PLACES 6SEE H[R GLACI]Sr MODIFI$ ! L&SCAPE 0BO? ERO.N &Rr DEPOSI;N4 ,! ,LYELL ,=K (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV] FL[SR 6! M1D[S "? "O (! P>KS F9E/r EXAMPLESR (A ;,U-%AP$ VALLEYR 7FIG4r #FH74;R ,! FRO/-RIV5R SPIRES ( ,UNICORNr & ,CA!DRAL ,P1KS /&+ ABVR SMOO?LY R.D$r GRANITE %\LD]S GRAPHIC,Y 9DICAT] ! HEIr POLI% & ]RATICS ON ! SUMMIT 9DICAT]RNR Tr !R DOME 0 ONCE OV]TOPP$ 0ICE4R 7,FIG4r #FI7;R R RRNR RNRNR ,A S]IES ( POTHOLESr ANGLES DIAGON,Y F LEVELR GR.D UP ! S\?r SIDE ( ,POTHOLE ,DOM] 7FIG4 #GA74;R ,!r ROCK POLI% NE> ^! POTHOLES C EASILY 2Rr MISTAK5 = GLACIAL POLI%1 B X HAS Ar DI6]5T ORIG94R ,UNLIKE GLACI,Y POLI%$r SURFACES1 : >E G5],YR PLAN>1 ^! SURFACESr >E FLUT$R 7FIG4 #GB71;R L ?OS] =M+ ONr B$ROCK TD 0FL[+ WAT] ( !R ,TUOLUMNEr ,RIV]4 ,BO? ! POLI% ON ? "P (R ,POTHOLEr ,DOME1 &! POTHOLES !MVS1 7 CR1T$R #acdr 0WAT] 9 A SUBGLACIAL /R1M T FL[$ UPW>Dr OV]R ! DOME 9 A TUNNEL 2N ICE (! ,TIOGAr GLACI]4R ,GLACIAL POLI% C1 9DE$1 2 SE5r ON ! G5TLE EA/-FAC+R SLOPE (! DOME1 !r /OSS SIDE ( ? RO*] M\TONNEE4RNRNR R RRNRr RNRNRRNRRNR R ,7,POTHOLE ,DOME7'RRNR R Rr R RRNR R RRNR RRNRRNR RNRNR R ,,POTHOLESr ANGL+ UP SIDE ( ,POTHOLE ,DOME1 WE/ SIDEr (R ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S4 ,B[L-%AP$ POTHOLESr >E C>V$ 96!R ROCK 0! GR9D+ AC;N ( /"OSr :IRL$ >.D & KEPT 9R MO;N 0! =CE (A /R1Mr 9 A GIV5 SPOT4 ,"H1 ! /R1MR FL[$ 9 Ar TUNNEL 2N ! ICE T COV]$ ? >EA DUR+ !Rr ,TIOGA GLACI,N4R 7,FIG4 #GA7;R RNRNRRNRr ,7,POTHOLES UP SIDE ( ,POTHOLEr ,DOME7'RRNR ,7,SUBGLACIAL WAT]r POLI%7'RRNR R RRNRNRNR R ,,SUBGLACIALr ,,WAT] ,,POLI% ON ,POTHOLE ,DOME1R =M$r 0WAT] FL[+ 2N ! GLACI]4 ,SURFACE ISr FLUT$R R ?AN FLAT1 Z ) GLACIAL POLI%Rr 7-P>E ) FIG4 #EE74;R ,POLI%$ SURFACEr LAY] IS FLAK+ (F1 SIMIL> 6! GLACIALr POLI%R %[N 9R FIGURE #EE;,B4R 7,FIG4r #GB7;R RNRNR R RRNR R R R RRNR RRNRRNR Rr ,7,KETTLES7'RRNR R R R RNRNR R #acer ,,KETTLES 7SMALL LAKES7 NE>R ,TIOGAr ,PASS1 FILL+ DEPRES.NSR LEFT 0! F9ALr MELT+ ( BLOCKSR ( GLACIAL ICE4 ,VIEWr EA/W>DR ACR ,DANA ,M1D[S T[>DR ,M.Tr ,DANA4R 7,FIG4 #GC7;R RNRNR R RRNR Rr RNRNR ,MO/ (! TILL 9 ! ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[Sr >EA WASR DEPOSIT$ Z HUMMOCKY GR.D MORA9Er 2N !R GLACI]1 OR LEFT 2H Z ! GLACI] WA/$r AWAY4 ,!R SMALL LAKES 9 GR.D MORA9Er S\?EA/ ( !R 5TR.E /,N AT ,TIOGA ,PASSr APPE> 6BE KETTLES1R DEPRES.NS LEFT 0!r F9AL MELT+ ( BLOCKS ( IC] BURI$ 9 TILLRr 7FIG4 #GC74;R ,EL;GATE RIDGES ( MORA9]r FLANK ! ROADWAY 2T ,TIOGA ,PASS &r ,TUOLUMN] ,M1D[S1 &A CROSS SEC;N "? S*r TILL ISR EXPOS$ 9 A ROADCUT AB #AA MIr EA/ ( !R ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV] BRIDGE4 ,LAT]ALr & RECES.NAL MORA9ESR >E 9CONSPICU\S &r MAY 2 ABS5T 9 !R ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S >EA1 Br MAGNIFIC5T EXAMPLESR ( BO? >E 9 L[] ,LEEr ,V9+ ,CANYON AL;G !R ,TIOGA ,ROAD EA/ (!r P>KR 7FIG4 #FC74;RNRNR RNRNR ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY1 9 SPITE ( XS PROF.D GLACIALRr MODIFIC,N1 IS N A GD PLACE 6SEE M*r DIRECTR EVID;E ( GLACI,N4 ,! #acfr ,TIOGA GLACI] ONLYR R1*$ Z F> Zr ,BRIDALVEIL ,M1D[1 ": XS T]M9ALR MORA9E1r AL? WELL EXPOS$ 9 A ROADCUTR 7FIG4Rr #GD71;R IS RELATIVELY 9CONSPICU\S1 &r LAT]AL MORA9ESR >E ABS5T4 ,GLACIAL POLI%r & /RI,NS >E SC>CE1R B !Y C 2 SE5 ON Ar L[1 FLAT %ELF ( ROCK NE>R ! BASE (! NOR?r VALLEY WALL OPPOSITE ! WE/R 5D (!r ,YOSEMITE ,LODGE1 & AL;G ! BASE ( !Rr CLI6S ON ! NOR? SIDE (! ,T5AYA ,LAKEr ,TRAIL1R AB #EJJ 6#A1JJJ FT EA/ (r ,MIRROR ,LAKE4 ,GLACIALR POLI% AL O3URSr 9 S* PLACES Z ON ! SLOPE (R ! ,GLACI]r ,PO9T APRON1 B ^! LOCALITIES >] Rr A3ESSI# ONLY 6! EXP]I;ED CLIMB]4 ,?ISRr PAUC;Y ( DIRECT EVID;E IS PROBABLY !r BASIS =R ,JOSIAH ,:ITNEYS /& AG/ !r GLACIAL ORIG9 (R ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY1 NOT+r Z HE DID ! GLACI,N (R ,HET* ,HET*Yr ,VALLEY1 ": HE DESCRIB$ GLACIALR POLI%r AT L1/ #HJJ FT &A GLACIAL MORA9E #A1BJJr FTR ABV ! VALLEY FLOOR4RNRNR RNRNR ,!r ,TAHOE GLACI,N 0 ALM "EY": "S:ATR Mr EXT5SIVE ?AN ! ,TIOGA1 & S XS MORA9ESRr LIE \TBO>D ( ,TIOGA MORA9ES4 #acgr ,REC5T /UDIESR SU7E/ T ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYr 0 AN EXCEP;N3 > ,TAHOE-AGE GLACI] R1*$r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY B 0 SMALL] &R ?9N]1 &r DID N EXT5D Z F> 96! VALLEY ASR ,TIOGAr ICE DID4 ,IF BO? ! ,TIOGA & ,TAHOEr GLACI]S HADR LIMIT$ EROSIVE P[] 9r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY 2C !YR BO? 7r RELATIVELY ?91 !N ! VALLEY M/ HAV]r ATTA9$ NE>LY XS PRES5T %APE DUR+ "O ORr MOR] PRE-,TAHOE GLACI,NS4RNRNR R RRNRRNRr R R ,,GLACIAL ,,MORA9ES ,,9 ,,YOSEMITEr ,,VALLEY4RRNR ,A1 ,TIOGA-AGE T]M9ALr MORA9E EXPOS$ 9 ROADCUT J EA/ (RRNRr ,BRIDALVEIL ,M1D[4 ,? MORA9E 3TA9S L>GEr B\LD]S (RRNR ,CA!DRAL ,P1Kr ,GRANODIORITE1 CLE> EVID;E ( GLACIALr TRANSPORTRRNR F ,TUOLUMNE ,M1D[S VIAr ,T5AYA ,CANYON OR F !RRNR UPP] ,M]C$r ,RIV] BAS9 VIA ,LL ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4Rr ,B1 ,TIOGA-AG]RNR RECES.NAL MORA9Er EXPOS$ 9 ROADCUT 2L ,CA!DRALRRNR ,ROCK4r ,L>GE B\LD] 9 C5T] IS ( ,CA!DRALr ,P1KRRNR ,GRANODIORITE4R 7,FIG4 #GD7;R Rr R RRNR R ,7,GLACIAL MORA9ES 9 ,YOSEMITEr ,VALLEY3 ,TIOGA-AGE T]M9AL #achr MORA9E7'RRNR R RRNR ,> R RRNR Rr ,7,GLACIAL MORA9ES 9 ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY3r ,TIOGA-AGE RECES.NAL MORA9E7'RRNR R RRNRr ,BR R RRNR RNRNR ,DIRECT EVID;E =r PRE-,TAHOE GLACI,N 9 ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEYr IS AL ELUSIVE4 ,X 3SI/S MO/LY (r SCATT]$1R -MONLY P]*$ ]RATICS ON UPL&r >1S ADJAC5T TOR ! VALLEYR 7FIG4 #FF74;Rr ,^! P]*$ ]RATICS RE/ ONR PILL>S ( ROCKr PROTECT$ F W1!R+ & ERO.N BYR ! ]RATICr XF4 ,! SURR.D+ >EA -MONLY HASR BE5 L[]$r S"EAL FEET OR M 0ERO.N S9CE !R ]RATICS 7r LEFT Z ! ICE MELT$4 ,? AM.T (R ERO.N1 :r IS N SE5 9 >1S OV]RI45 &R SC\R$ 0,TAHOEr ICE1 IS ! MA9 >GU;T =R ATTRIBUT+ ^!r ]RATICS 6A M* E>LI] GLACI,N4R R R Rr ,R1DILY A3ESSI# EXAMPLES ( PRE-,TAHOEr ]RATICS1R ?\< N P]*$1 O3UR NE> !r RADIO-RELAY T[]R ON ,TURTLEBACK ,DOMEr ABV ! ,WAWONA ,ROAD4 ,A SMALLR PAT* (r OLD1 DEEPLY W1!R$ TILL IS EXPOS$ 9 >r ROADCUT ON ! ,BIG ,OAK ,FLAT ,ROAD J EA/r ( !R BRIDGE CROSS+ ,CASCADE ,CREEK4 ,?r TILL1 AB #A1JJJ FTR ABV ! VALLEY FLOOR1r WD H>DLY 2 RECOGNIZ$ ASR S* )\T ! #acir >TIFICIAL CUT4 ,^! ]RATICS & TILLR >Er ASSIGN$ 6"O OR M PRE-,TAHOE GLACI]S ?ATRr FILL$ ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYR 7FIG4 #GE74;Rr ,NO T]M9AL MORA9E =R ? GLACI,N REMA9S 9r ! ,M]C$ ,RIV] CANYON1R B ! GLACI] CD N Hr EXT5D$ M ?AN > %ORT 4T.E 2L ! T[N ( ,ELr ,PORTAL1 ": !R CANYON ABRUPTLY />TS TOr ME&] & HAS A ,V %AP] 7FIG4 #GF74;RNRNRr RNRNR ,EVID;E = ?REE SEP>ATE GLACI,NS 9r ,YOSEMITE ISR MO/ R1DILY SE5 AT ,H>D5r ,LAKE1 AB #C MI D[N !R ,OLD ,TIOGA ,ROADr F ,:ITE ,WOLF4 ,H>D5 ,LAKE SITS ONR !r $GE (! UPL& BORD]+ ! ,GR& ,CANYON (R !r ,TUOLUMNE ,RIV]1 : 0 -PLETELY FILL$ )Rr ICE DUR+ EA* (! ?REE RECOGNIZ$r GLACI,NS4R ,H>D5 ,LAKE IS S&WI*$ 2Tr FRE%1 B\LD]YR LAT]AL MORA9ES REFLECT+r PULSES ( ,TIOGA IC] 7FIG4 #FD74;Rr ,\TSIDE ( ^! MORA9ES1 F>!R F ! CANYON1r >] ,TAHOE MORA9ES1 /-L9E> B SUBDU$r RIDGES1 )R EXT5SIVE SOIL COV] & ONLYr SCATT]$ B\LD]S ON !R SURFAC] 7FIG4r #FE74;R ,F>!/ F ! CANYON1 \TSIDE (R !r ,TAHOE MORA9ES1 >E PRE-,TAHOE ]RATICS &r HIEA1r %[+ EXT5T ( PRE-,TAHOE GLACI] 7,A71r EXT5T ( ,TIOGA GLACI]R 7,B71 & GLACIALr ,LAKE ,YOSEMITE AF RETR1T ( ,TIOGA ICEr 7,C74R 7,FIG4 #GE7;R R R RRNR Rr ,7,GLACI]S -E & G7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R Rr RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,PRE-TAHOEr GLACI,N7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,PRE-TAHOEr ,,GLACI,NITS EXT5T 9 ! ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYr >EA 9 -P>ISON ) T (! ,TIOGA GLACI,N4Rr 7,FIG4 #GF7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,:AT !r ,GLACI]S ,MISS$RNRNR RNRNR ,AM;G ! >ETESr & COLS (! ,SI]RAN CRE/ &R ADJAC5T SPURSr >E ANOMAL\S >1S ) G5TLY ROLL+R SURFACESr T ESCAP$ GLACIAL SCULPT+2 ! ,DANAr ,PLAT1UR IS AN \T/&+ EXAMPL] 7FIG4r #GG74;R ,^! >1S APP>5TLYR N"E A3UMULAT$r 5 SN[ 6G5]AT] GLACI]S ON _! UPL&r SURFACES4 ,N ONLY IS !R ,SI]RAN CRE/r SWEPT 0/R;G W9DS1 B X AL RCVSR LESSr SN[FALL ?AN >1S F>!R WE/ 2C MO/ ( !Rr MOI/URE IS WRUNG \ (! UPWELL+ /ORMCL\DSRr 2F !Y R1* ! CRE/4 ,GLACI]S DID =M #adar 9 CIRQUESR ON ! L[] PROTECT$ SLOPES ( ^!r PLAT1US1 "PICUL>LYR ON NOR!RLY SLOPES1r ": SU6ICI5T SN[R CD A3UMULATE 0W9D DRIFTr F ! PLAT1US 6!R W9DW>D & REMA9 "? !r SUMM]4 ,B !S] GLACI]S N"E SU3E$$ 9 CUTT+r CIRQUES F> 5\PLY TRUNCAT$ BYr GLACIAL CIRQUES4 ,ELL]Y ,LAKE & !R ,TOGAr ,ROAD LIE #B1JJJ FT 2L4 ,AT UPP] "R ISr ,M.T ,DANA1R ) AN UNGLACIAT$ SURFACEr SLOP+ D[NW>D 6"R4 ,^! TWOR REMNANTr SURFACES >E "PS (A ONCE-3T9U\S SURFACEr BR1*$R 0A GLACIAL CIRQUE EXCAVAT$ 0PA/r GLACI]S & N[ 3TA9+R ! PRES5T-"D ,DANAr ,GLACI]1 SE5 Z ! GRAY1 OVAL-%AP$ SPOTRr ON ! SN[ 2L ,M.T ,DANA 7SEE FIG4 #HB74;Rr ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,ROB]T ,W4 ,CAM]ON4 Cr ,CAM]ON & ,CO42 US$ ) P]MIS.N4R 7,FIG4r #GG7;R RNRNR ,7,DANA ,PLAT1U7'R R RRNRr RRNR RRNRRNR R ,7,B\LD]-/REWN UPL&r SURFACE7'RRNR ,7,B\LD]-/REWN UPL&r SURFACE7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,B\LD]-/REWN ,,UPL& ,,SURFACE ON #adbr !R ,DANA ,PLAT1U4 ,FRO/-H1V$ JO9T BLOCKSr H BE5 R.D$ BYR S&-BLA/+ AC;N ( W9D-DRIV5r GRIT4 ,SN[ *UTE ON ,M.TR ,DANA NE> "Rr M>G9 L1DS D[N 6! ,DANA ,GLACI] ACROSSRr ,GLACI] ,CANYON F ! PLAT1U4 ,VIEWr S\?EA/W>D4 ,WID? (R VIEW 9 MI4LE 4T.E ISr AB #A/B MI2 S\?EA/ $GE ( PLAT1U ISR ABr #A #A/B MI AWAY4R 7,FIG4 #GH7;R R R RRNRr RNRNR ,^! UPL& SURFACES DID N TOT,Yr ESCAPE !R E6ECTS ( GLACIAL CLIMATE4r ,CYCLES ( FREEZ+ & ?AW+R BROKE ! B$ROCKr AL;G FRACTURES & H1V$ X 96> MASS ( JUM#Dr BLOCKS4 ,S* RUB#-COV]$ SURFACESR >Er SCATT]$ AL;G ! ,SI]RAN CRE/1 Z AT ,DANAr ,PLAT1UR 7FIG4 #GH71;R & 9CLUDE ! SUMMITr ( ,M.T ,:ITNEYR #EJ MI 6! S\?4 ,!r S\?-FAC+ SLOPE ( ,M.TR ,H(FMANN1 \Rr ORIG9AL VANTAGE PO9T 9 ! P>K1 IS > "S:ATr SIMIL> UPL& SURFACE1 AL? SL[ 49TEGR,NR &r SPALL+ ( GRANITE %EETS HAS CR1T$ ANR R Rr R R R R R IRREGUL>1 FLA7Y SURFACE4 ,?r UNGLACIAT$ SURFACE ISR ABRUPTLY TRUNCAT$r 0A GLACIAL CIRQUE CUT DEEPLY 9TOR ! NOR?r FACE ( ,H(FMANNA /RIK+ 3TRA/ 9R ERO.NALr PROCESSESR 7FIG4 #GI74;RNRNR R R R #adcr RNRNR R ,7,WE/ %\LD] ( ,M.Tr ,H(FMANN7'RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,WE/r ,,%\LD] ,,( ,,M.T ,,H(FMANN4RRNR ,SMOO?1r UNGLACIAT$ S\?-FAC+ SLOPE 76LEFT7RRNR ISr ABRUPTLY TRUNCAT$R 0A NOR?-FAC+r GLACIALRRNR CIRQUEA /RIK+R 3TRA/ 9r ERO.NALRRNR PROCESSES4R 7,FIG4 #GI7;R Rr RRNR RNRNR ,^! UPL& SURFACES H Ar SIGNIFIC.E F> 2YONDR 2+ UNGLACIAT$1 2Cr !Y >E V ANCI5T4 ,!YR >E REMNANTS (!r G5TLY ROLL+ T]RA9 T EXI/$R "H 2F ! LATEr ,C5OZOIC UPLIFT & 9CI.N ( !R ,SI]RA Tr 2GAN AB #BE MILLION YE>S AGO4 ,Z !Rr RANGE 0 UPLIFT$ & TILT$1 ! MAJORr WE/W>D-FL[+R /R1MS 9CIS$ DEEP] & DEEP]r CANYONS1R CUTT+ H1DW>D 96! RANGE4 ,!r UPL& >1SR NE> ! /R1M H1DWAT]S 7 ! LA/ TOr 2R A6ECT$ "S REMNANTS / REMA9r UNDISSECT$4RNRNR RNRNR ,MOD]Nr ,GLACI]SRNRNR RNRNR ,AL? ,TIOGA GLACI]Sr 7 ! LA/ 6CAP L>G] "PS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1r ! MOD]N ,SI]RAN GLACI]SR >E N REMNANTS (r ,TIOGA ICE4 ,9/1D1 !Y =M$R DUR+ "O OR Mr PO/-,PLEI/OC5E COOL CYCLES ?ATRr ,FRANCOIS ,MAT!S COLLECTIVELY #addr CALL$ ! ,LL ,IC] ,AGE4 ,2C ( AMBIGU;Y 9r XS DEF9I;N & WID] V>I,N 9 XS APPLIC,N1r /UD5TS ( GLACIAL GEOLOGYR H G5],Y AB&ON$r ! T]M1 & PO/-,PLEI/OC5] GLACI,NS >Er REF]R$ 6Z ,NEOGLACIALR EV5TS4 ,! LATE/ (r ^! ,NEOGLACIAL EV5TS 9 !R ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1 6: ! PRES5T-"D GLACI]SR 2L;G1r HAS BE5 CALL$ ! ,MAT!S GLACI,N 9R HONORr ( 8 PIONE]+ /UDIES4RNRNR RNRNR ,AF ! 5Dr (! ,PLEI/OC5E 7#AJ1JJJ YE>S AGO71Rr TEMP]ATURES 9 _M "PS (! _W ROSE1 R1*+R Rr A MAXIMUM AB #E1JJJ YE>S AGO4 ,0T "T1Rr PROBABLY NO GLACI]S SURVIV$ 9 ! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA4R ,TEMP]ATURES !N DROPP$1 F/r SL[LY1 !N MOR] RAPIDLY2 & SMALL GLACI]Sr 2GAN 6=M 9 ! ,SI]R> ONCE AG 0AB #B1EJJr YE>S AGO4RNRNR RNRNR ,_W CLIMATE HASr 3T9U$ 6FLUCTUATE "?R W>M+ & COOL+ CYCLESr UP 6! PRES5T4 ,HI/ORICALR RECORDS 9 !r ,ALPS 9DICATE A MAJOR GLACIALR ADV.E ABr ,A4 ,D4 #AFJJ1 :5 GLACI]S DESC5D$R 9TOr VALLEYS & OV]:ELM$ PA/UREL& & VILLAGES4Rr ,! MO/ REC5T MAJOR ADV.E "! O3URR$ ABRr #AHEJ4 ,IF ,SI]RAN GLACI,N 0 SYN*RON\S1r ,YOSEMITESR MOD]N GLACI]S WD H BE5 #ader NE> _! MO/ REC5TR MAXIMUM AB ! SAME "T Tr ,JOHN ,MUIR WASR MAK+ 8 /UDIES4 ,WE D "Kr T ,SI]RAN GLACI]SR H BE5 REC$+ R RAPIDLYr S9CE ,MUIRS "D3 ,!R F/ LIV+ GLACI]r 4COV]$ 0,MUIR 9 #AHGA1 ONR ,M]C$ ,P1K1r NO L;G] EXI/S4RNRNR RNRNR ,Z ( #AIHJ1 "!r 7 NE>LY #EJJ GLACI]S REMA9+R 9 ! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1 MO/ ( !M S SMALL Z TOR B>ELY %[r EVID;E ( ICEFL[1 S* Z A B]GS*RUND4R ,!r L>GE/ GLACI] LEFT 9 ! ,SI]RA1 !r ,PALISAD] ,GLACI] 9 ! ,JOHN ,MUIRr ,WILD];S1 COV]S LL MOR] ?AN #A/B MI#B2 &r ! L>GE/ 9 ,YOSEMITE1 ! ,LYELLR ,GLACI]1r LESS ?AN #A/D MI#B;R 7FIGS4 #HJ1;Rr #HA74;RNRNR R RRNRRNR R ,7,LYELL &r ,MACLURE GLACI]S1 #AIGB7';RRNR R R Rr RRNR RRNR RNRNR R ,7,LYELL & ,MACLUREr ,GLACI]S MAPP$ 9 #AHHC7';RRNR R R R RRNRr R R ,,LYELL ,,& ,,MACLUR] ,,GLACI]S1 Zr !Y 7 MAPP$ 9R #AHHC 0,WILL>D ,D4r ,JOHNSON (! ,U4,S4R ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY4r ,-P>ISON ) !R PRES5T-"D GLACI]S 9Rr FIGURE #HJ;R 9DICATESR _! M* GRT] EXT5Tr AT T E>LI]R DATE4 ,M.T ,MACLURE1 "ND BYr ,JOSIAHR ,:ITNEY = AN E>LY #adfr ,AM]ICAN GEOLOGI/1R IS "H MISTAK5LYr LABEL$ ,MC,CLURE4R ,? ]ROR MAY 2 ! S\RCEr ( O3A.NALR 3FU.N 9 ASSOCIAT+ ! M.TA9 )Rr ,LT4 ,N4,F4 ,MC,CLURE1 :O1 H["E1 WASR Nr ON ! SC5E Z A GU>DIAN ( ,YOSEMIT] ,N,NALr ,P>K UNTIL AF #AHIJ4;R 7,FIG4 #HA7;R Rr RRNR RRNR RNRNR R ,7,DANA ,GLACI]1r #AIGE7';RRNR R R R RRNR R R ,,DANAr ,,GLACI]1 #AIGE4 ,CREVASS$ ICE (! ,DANAr ,GLACI]RRNR IS EXPOS$ 9 LEFT C5T] (r PHOTOGRAPH1 &! GLACI]SRRNR B]GS*RUND ISr B>ELY VISI# 9 %AD[$ >EA ABV4 ,S9CE !RRNRr E>LY "P (! #BJ? C5TURY1 ! GLACI] HASr RETR1T$ H1DW>DRRNR F XS T]M9AL MORA9E1r VISI# 9 L[] "RR 7-P>E FIG4 #HC74;RRNRr ,VIEW S\?WE/W>D4 ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,MALCOLMr ,M4 ,CL>K1 ,SEPTEMB]RRNR #AIGE4;R 7,FIG4r #HB7;R RRNRRNR R R RRNR R R R ,,DANAr ,,GLACI]1 #AIJH4 ,:5 ? PHOTOGRAPH 0r TAK5RRNR E>LY 9 ! #BJ? C5TURY1 ICE (!r ,DANA ,GLACI] ABUTT$ !RRNR T]M9ALr MORA9E1 VISI# 9 C5T]4 ,NOTE B]GS*RUNDr NE> GLACI]RRNR H1D 2L CIRQUE H1DWALL4r ,VIEW S\?EA/W>D4 ,PHOTOGRAPHRRNR 0,G4,K4r ,GILB]T1 ,AUGU/ #AIJH4;R 7,FIG4 #adgr #HC7;R R R RRNR R ,7,DANA ,GLACI]1 0,G4r ,K4 ,GILB]T1 #AIJH7';RRNR R R R RRNRr RNRNR ,FEW (! MOD]N GLACI]S EXT5D$ V F>r FROMR _! CIRQUES1 B _M LEFT R IMPRESSIVEr >CUAT] PILES ( MORA9E1 3SID]+ _! SMALLr SIZE4 ,DAN> ,GLACI] & XS MORA9ES >E !r MO/ R1DILY A3ESSI#R ( ^? REMA9+ 9 ! P>KRr 7FIG4 #HB72;R X IS AB A #C-;H\RR HIKEr UPCANYON F ! S\? %ORE ( ,TIOG> ,LAKE EA/r ( ,TIOGA ,PASS1 B DOES REQUIRE SCRAMBL+Rr OV] L>GE B\LD] PILES4 ,! GLACI] IS N[ Br A M]] %AD[ ( XS =M] SELF Z %[N 9 Ar PHOTOGRAPHR TAK5 E>LY 9 ! #BJ? C5TURYRr 7FIG4 #HC74;R ,? #AIJH;R PHOTOGRAPH %[Sr ,DANA ,GLACI] NE/L$ UP AG/ ITSR T]M9ALr MORA9E1 & S X _H N REC$$ M*1 IFR ANY1 Fr XS LATE/ ADV.E4 ,9 ! #FG YE>S 2TR ! TWOr PHOTOGRAPHS1 ! GLACI] LO/ AB ?REE-F\R?SRr ( XS >EA &A M* L>G] FRAC;N ( ITSRr VOLUME4RNRNR R R R R R R R R RNRNR ,AF !r ,GLACI]SRNRNR RNRNR ,! COLD CYCLE T BR"\r AB ! ,TIOGA GLACI,NR 5D$ AB #AJ1JJJ YE>Sr AGO4 ,2C GLACI]SR DUR+ ,NEOGLACIALr EPISODES 7 S SMALL1 RUNN+R WAT]1 AL;G )r GRAV;Y1 HAS DOM9AT$ FUR!R %AP+R (! #adhr ,YOSEMITE L&SCAPE S9CE ,TIOGA "T4 ,!Rr PR9CIPAL *ANGES 9 L&SCAPE H BE5 ! FILL+r (R LAKES ) REH&L$ ,TIOGA TILL2 M1D[S Hr =M$R Z A RESULT4RNRNR RNRNR ,"O LAKE 6BEr 3V]T$ 6M1D[S 0 ANCI5TR ,LAKE ,YOSEMITE1r : O3UPI$ ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYR UP/R1M F Ar MORA9E DAM NE> ! FOOT (R ,CA!DRALr ,ROCKSR 7FIG4 #GE74;R ,? 0 ONLY ! LA/ (r _MR ,LAKE ,YOSEMITES T PROBABLY FOLL[$r EA* GLACI,N4R ,! DEEP EXCAV,N CR1T$ BYr E>LI] GLACI]S1 ASR M* Z #B1JJJ FT 9TOr B$ROCK 2N ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY1R 0 ALRr FILL$ ) GLACIAL TILL & S$I;T L;GR 2Fr ,TIOGA "T1 &! ,TIOGA ICE _H 9SU6ICI5TRr EROSIVE P[] 6REEXCAVATE ! VALLEY 6ANYr APPRECIA#R DEP?4 ,LAKE ,YOSEMITE EV5TU,Yr FILL$ 9 ) SILT1R L1V+ TDS LEVEL VALLEYr FLOOR4RNRNR RNRNR ,GRAV;Y1 -MONLY AID$r 0WAT] & ICE1 ACT+R ON SLOPES OV]/EEP5$r 0GLACIAL "UCUTT+1 MODIFIESR ! L&SCAPEr MO/ VISIBLY4 ,CANYON WALLS >E 3/ANTLYRr %$D+ ROCK FRAG;TS1 & TREM5D\S C"OSR (r DEBRIS A3UMULATE 9 W9T] 2L AVALAN*Er *UTESR 7FIG4 #HD74;RNRNR RNRNRr ,ROCKFALLS1 ! L>GE/ PROBABLY #adir TRI7]$ 0E>?QUAKES1R C CATA/ROPHIC,Y MOVEr L>GE VOLUMES (R MAT]IALR 7FIG4 #HE74;Rr ,"O ROCKFALL1R R GRAPHIC,Y DESCRIB$ BYr ,JOHN ,MUIR1R O3URR$ 9 ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEYr DUR+ !R GRT ,[5S ,VALLEY E>?QUAKE (r #AHGB3 ,! ,EAGL] ,ROCK ON ! S\? WALL1 ABr A HALF MILE UP !R ,VALLEY1 GAVE WAY & ,Ir SAW X FALL+ 9 ?\S&S ( !R GRT B\LD]S ,Ir _H S L;G BE5 /UDY+1 P\R+ TOR ! ,VALLEYr FLOOR 9 A FREE CURVE LUM9\S F FRIC;N1Rr MAK+ A T]RIBLY SUBLIME SPECTACL1N >C (r GL[+1R PAS.NATE FIRE1 FIFTE5 HUNDR$ FEETr SPAN1 Z TRUE 9R =M & Z S]5E 9 B1UTY Z Ar RA9B[ 9 ! MID/R (! /UP5D\S1 RO>+r ROCK-/ORM4 ,9 ,MAY #AIHJ1;R TWO P 7r CRITIC,Y 9JUR$ ON ! ,SI]RA ,PO9TR ,TRAILr EA/ ( ,HAPPY ,ISLES 0ROCKS 4LODG$ DUR+ >r M* SMALL] E>?QUAKE ^: EPIC5T] 0 NE>Rr ,MAMMO? ,LAKES1 OV] #CE MI 6! EA/4r ,IRONIC,Y1R ? TRAIL _H BE5 (FICI,Y CLOS$r "S YE>S E>LI]1R [+ 6! DANG] ( LOOSEr ROCK4 ,ANO!R ROCKFALLR T KILL$ ?REEr HIK]S ON ! ,YOSEMITE ,FALLS ,TRAIL #F;Rr MON?S LAT] MAY H BE5 A DELAY$ RESULT (r ROCKR LOOS5$ DUR+ T SAME E>?QUAKE4 #aejr ,A ROCKFALL CR1T$R ! DAM T =M$ ,MIRRORr ,LAKE1 :1 9 TURN1R R R R IS 2+ FILL$ BYr S$I;T C>RI$ 0,T5AYA ,CREEK4R ,DYNAMICr *ANGE IS 9DE$ TAK+ PLACE1 ?\< SL[LY4Rr ,"O LIFE"T IS N 5 6SEE DRAMATICr *ANGES4RNRNR R RRNRRNR R ,7,AVALAN*Er *UTES & TALUS C"OS7'RRNR R R R RRNR R Rr ,,AVALAN*E ,,*UTES ,,& ,,TALUS ,,C"OS 9r ,LE]RNR ,V9+ ,CANYON EA/ ( ,TIOGAr ,PASS4R 7,FIG4 #HD7;R R R RRNR RNRNR ,NOr SOON] _H ! GLACI]S DE"P$ ?AN W1!R+Rr PROCESSES 2GAN 6ATTACK ! FRE%LY SC\R$r ROCKR SURFACES LEFT 2H4 ,SURFACE SPALL+r L1VES ONLY REMNANTSR ( ONCE-EXT5SIVEr GLACIAL POLI%4 ,:5 ! POLI%R & GLACIALr /RI,NS >E ALL G"O1 "S (! MO/R /RIK+r EVID;E = PA/ GLACI,N W 2 LO/4RNRNR RNRNRr ,! L&SCAPE IS SL[LY B 3T9U,Y 2+r MODIFI$4R ,! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA 3T9UES TOr RISE& 3T9UESR 6BE EROD$4 ,LAKES >E 2+r FILL$ ) S$I;T4R ,:5 ERO.N \TPACESr UPLIFT1 Z X EV5TU,YR W1 ! RANGE W 2r REDUC$ 6ROLL+ UPL&1 M*R Z X 0 T5S (r MILLIONS ( YE>S AGO4 ,9 ! M1N"T1Rr ,YOSEMITE REMA9S A DELIN 6R1D !r /ORY XS ROCKS & L&SCAP] H 6TELL4RNRNR Rr RRNR RRNRRNR R R ,,! ,,SLIDE ON ,SLIDEr ,M.TA9 WE/ ( ,MATT]HORN ,P1K1 NE> NOR?r B.D>Y (! P>K4 ,? GIANT ROCKSLIDE1 M ?ANr #A/B MI L;GR & #A/D MI WIDE1 RO>$ D[N )r S* 5]GY T X CLIMB$ ALM #BJJ V]TICAL FEETr UP ! OPPOSITE SIDE (! CANYON4Rr ,PHOTOGRAPH 0,ROB]T ,W4 ,CAM]ON4 Cr ,CAM]ON & ,CO42 US$ ) P]MIS.N4R 7,FIG4r #HE7;R R R RRNR R ,7,! 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FACT T WAT] ORr W9DR SPR1D S$I;T !Y DEPOSIT 9 ?9 %EETS4r ,!R B$S ( S$I;T>Y ROCK >E ^! SU3ESSIVELYr A3UMULAT$R %EETS4RNRNR RNRN,B]GS*RUND4r ,A DEEP CREVICE NE> ! H1D ( ANR ALP9Er GLACI] T SEP>ATES MOV+ ICE F !R H1DWALLr (! CIRQUE4 ,X MAY 2 COV]$ 0OR FILL$R )r SN[ DUR+ ! W9T]1 B VISI# &R REOP5$ 9 !r SUMM]R 7FIG4 #EF74;RNRNR RNRN,BRE3IA4 ,Ar 3SOLIDAT$ ROCK -POS$ ( ANGUL>R ROCKr FRAG;TS4RNRNR RNRN,CIRQUE4 ,A B[L-%AP$1r !AT]LIKE BAS9 AT ! H1DR (A GLACIALr VALLEYR 7FIG4 #EF74;RNRNR RNRN,CL1VAGE4r ,! T5D5CY (A M9]AL 6BR1K AL;GR DEF9ITEr PLANES 3TROLL$ 0XS MOLECUL> /RUCTUR] &r PRODUC+ SMOO? SURFACES4RNRNRr RNRN,COLUMN> JO9T+4 ,JO9TS T B.D P>ALLELr PRISMATICR COLUMNS1 POLYGONAL 9 CROSSr SEC;N1 =M$ BYR 3TRAC;N DUR+ COOL+ 9 "Sr LAVA FL[S1 DIKES1R & VOLCANIC PLUGS 7Ar PLUG 3SI/S ( SOLIDIFI$ LAV> 9 AN #aedr OLD VOLCANIC 3DUIT7R 7FIG4 #CB74;RNRNRr RNRN,C;GLOM]ATE4 ,A ROCK1 ! 3SOLIDAT$r EQUIVAL5TR ( GRAVEL4RNRNR RNRN,CRU/ 7(!r ,E>?74 ,! \T]MO/ (! 3C5TRICR %ELLS Tr MAKE UP ! ,E>?4 ,! CRU/ IS #D;R 6#E MIr ?ICK 2N OC1NS & #BJ 6#CE MI ?ICKR 2Nr 3T95TSR 7FIG4 #BE74;RNRNR RNRN,DIKE4 ,Ar %EETLIKE BODY ( IGNE\S ROCK T WASRr 9TRUD$ :ILE MOLT5 96CRACKS 9 OLD] ROCKSRr 7FIGS4 #AC1;R #AG74;RNRNR RNRN,DIORITE4r ,A PLUTONIC ROCK -POS$ PRIM>ILY (r PLAGIOCLAS] & D>K M9]ALS2 G5],Y F9Er GRA9$R 7FIGS4 #I1;R #AB74;RNRNRr RNRN,]RATIC 7GLACIAL74 ,A ROCK FRAG;T1r G5],Y L>GE1R T HAS BE5 TRANSPORT$ F Ar 4TANT S\RCE BYR ! AC;N ( GLACIAL IC]r 7FIG4 #FA74;RNRNR RNRN,EXFOLI,N4 ,ANYr PROCESS 0: 3C5TRICR SCALES1 PLATES1 ORr %ELLS ( ROCK >E SU3ESSIVELYR SPALL$ ORr /RIPP$ F ! SURFACE (A ROCK MASS4 ,ITRr PRODUCES S* DIV]SE RESULTS Z ! SPALL+ (Fr (R GLACIAL POLI% A FRAC;N ( AN 9* ?ICK &r !R =M,N ( %EET JO9TS _M FEET ?ICKRr 7FIGS4 #CI1;R #EE74;RNRNR RNRN,FAULT4 ,Ar FRACTURE 9 ! ,E>?S CRU/ AL;G :I*R #aeer "! HAS BE5 MOVE;T P>ALLEL 6! FRACTUR]r PLANE4RNRNR RNRN,GRADI5T4 ,Z APPLI$ TOr /R1MS1 ! 9CL9,N (R ! B$4RNRNRr RNRN,GRANITIC ROCKS4 ,9CLUDES GRANITEr 7IN ! 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UPLIFTR (!r ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4 ,N"E!.S1 !Y 3TA9 M*r DESCRIPTIV] 9=M,N ( VALUE & >E CIT$ 9 Tr REG>D4R RNRNR RNRNR ,ALPHA1 ,T4,R41 9r PRESS1 ,SKET*ES ( ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>KRr F ,GLACI] ,PO9T1 ,S5T9EL ,DOME1 & #afer ,M.TR ,H(FMANN3 ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICALr ,SURVEY ,MISCELLANE\SR ,FIELD ,/UDIESr ,MAP ,,MF-#AHHH 7BLACK-&-:ITE $474Rr ,7,$ITORS NOTE3R #AIHG;DEA7'RRNR Rr ,VIEWS ( ,YOSEMITE PHYSIOGRAPHY F ?REEr POPUL> VANTAG] PO9TS4 ,MULTICOLOR$ EDI;Nr IS PUBLI%$ 0!R ,YOSEMITE ,9/ITUTE4Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,BALO<1 ,RI*>D1 #AIGG1;R ,":r WAT] FL[$ UPHILL ONR ,POTHOLE ,DOME3r ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>K1 ,CALIF41Rr ,YOSEMITE ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ,ASSOCI,N1Rr ,YOSEMITE ,NATURE ,NOTES1 V4 #DF1 NO4r #B1 P4 #CD-CI4;RRNR R ,DESCRIP;N (!r E6ECTS ( SUBGLACIAL /R1M AC;N ONRr ,POTHOLE ,DOME4R RNRNR RNRNR ,BATEMAN1r ,P4,C41 #AIHC1 ,A SUMM>Y ( CRITICALr REL,NS 9R ! C5TRAL "P (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADAr BA?OLI?1R ,CALI=NIA1 ,U4,S4,A41 9r ,RO4ICK1 ,J4,A41 $41R ,CIRCUM-,PACIFICr PLUTONIC T]RANES3 ,GEOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY (r ,AM]ICA ,MEMOIR #AEI1;R P4r #BDA-BED4;RRNR R ,! MO/ -PREH5SIVEr TE*NICAL SUMM>Y ( !R GEOLOGY (! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA BA?OLI? 6DATE4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,BATEMAN1 ,P4,C41 9 PRESS A1 #affr ,3/ITU;N & G5ESIS ( !R C5TRAL "P (!r ,SI]RA ,NEVADA BA?OLI?3 ,U4,S4Rr ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,PROFES.NAL ,PAP]4Rr ,7,$ITORS NOTE3R ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICALr ,SURVEY ,OP5 ,FILE ,REPORTS3 #HH-CHB1r #BHD P4 7#AIHH7;DEA7'RRNR R ,A TE*NICALr REPORT T SUMM>IZES ! R,NALE =R SEP>AT+ &r NAM+ 9DIVIDUAL PLUTONIC-ROCK UNITS &Rr 9TRUSIVE SUITES 9 ! C5TRAL ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1 9CLUD+ !R ,YOSEMITE >EA4 ,?r REPORT SUP]S$ES T 0,BATEMANR 7#AIHC74;Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,BATEMAN1 ,P4,C41 &r ,*APPELL1 ,B4,W41 #AIGI1 ,CRY/ALLIZ,N1Rr R R R FRAC;N,N1 & SOLIDIFIC,N ( !Rr ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIVE ,S]IES1 ,YOSEMITEr ,N,NAL ,P>K1R ,CALI=NIA3 ,GEOLOGICALr ,SOCIETY ,AM]ICA ( ,BULLET91R PT4 #A1 V4r #IJ1 P4 #DFE-DHB4;RRNR R ,TE*NICALr ANALYSIS (! GEOLOGY (! ,TUOLUMNEr ,9TRUSIV] ,SUITE 7=M]LY CALL$ !r ,TUOLUMNE ,9TRUSIV] ,S]IES74R RNRNRr RNRNR ,BATEMAN1 ,P4,C41 & ,WAHRHAFTIG1r ,CLYDE1 #AIFF1 ,GEOLOGY (R ! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1 9 ,BAILEY1 ,E4,H41 $41 ,GEOLOGYr (R NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA3 ,CALI=NIA #afgr ,DIVI.N ( ,M9ES &R ,GEOLOGY ,BULLET9r #AIJ1 P4 #AJG-AGB4;RRNR R ,?\< WRITT5 2Fr ! ADV5T (! 3CEPT ( PLAT] TECTONICS1 ?r >TICLE REMA9S ! BE/ G5]AL DESCRIPTIV]r SUMM>Y (! GEOLOGY (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,CAM]ON1 ,ROB]T1 #AIHC1 ,ABVr ,YOSEMITE1 )A TEXT BYR ,H>OLD ,GILLIAM3r ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,CAM]ON & ,CO41R #ADDr P4RRNR R ,SUP]B COLLEC;N ( COLORr PHOTOGRAPHS ( ,YOSEMITE Z SE5R F ! AIR1r _M ILLU/RAT+ GEOLOGIC F1TURES Z WELL ASRr B1UTI;L SC5]Y4R RNRNR RNRNR ,FRYXELL1r ,FRITI(1 $41 #AIFB1;R R ,FRANCOIS ,MAT!Sr &! M>KS ( "T2 ,YOSEMITE &! ,HI< ,SI]RA3Rr ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,SI]RA ,CLUB1 #AHIr P4RRNR R ,COLLEC;N ( GEOLOGICAL ESSAYSr 0,FRANCOIS ,MAT!S1 WRITT5R =A LAYr AUDI;E4R RNRNR RNRNR ,HILL1 ,M>Y1 #AIGE1r ,GEOLOGY (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA3 ,B]KELEY1Rr ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #BCBr P4RRNR R ,GEOLOGIC 9TRODUC;N 6! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA 9 NON-TE*NICALR LANGUAGE4R RNRNRr RNRNR ,HILL1 ,M>Y1 #AIHD1 ,CALI=NIAr L&SCAPE1 ORIG9 &R DEVELOP;T3 ,B]KELEY1r ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,CALI=NI> ,PRESS1 #BFB #afhr P4RRNR R ,DESCRIBES 9 NONTE*NICALr LANGUAGE ! GEOLOGIC PROCESSESR Tr 3TRIBUTE 6L&SCAPE DEVELOP;T1 ) _MRr EXAMPLES SELECT$ F ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,HUB]1 ,N4,K41 #AIHA1 ,AM.Tr & TIM+ ( LATE ,C5OZOICR UPLIFT & TILT (!r C5TRAL ,SI]RA ,NEVADAEVID;ER F ! UPP]r ,SAN ,JOAQU9 ,RIV] BAS93RRNR R ,U4,S4r ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,PROFES.NAL ,PAP]r #AAIG1 #BH P4R ,3CLUDES T ! LATEr ,C5OZOIC UPLIFT 0 RELATIVELYR 3T9U\S Rr ?AN EPISODIC & T ! CURR5T UPLIFTR RATEr AT ,D1DMAN ,PASS WE/ ( ,MAMMO? ,LAKES ISr ABR #A #A/B 9*ES P] #AJJ YE>S1 A FIGUREr T 9 ? VOLUME HASR BE5 EXTRAPOLAT$ 6,M.Tr ,DANA4R RNRNR RNRNR ,J"OS1 ,W4,R41r #AIGF1 ,DOMES1 CLI6S1 & WAT]FALLS2 Ar BRIEFR GEOLOGY ( ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY3r ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>K1R ,CALIF41r ,YOSEMITE ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ,ASSOCI,N1r #BA P4RRNR R ,NICELY ILLU/RAT$ BOOKLET1r ) BRIEF GEOLOGIC SUMM>Y4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,J"OS1 ,W4,R41 #AIHA1 ,T5 TRAIL TRIPS 9r ,YOSEMITE ,N,NALR ,P>K3 ,GOLD51 ,COLO41r ,\TBOOKS1 #GH P4RRNR R ,9CLUDES A #afir DESCRIP;N (A HIKE UP ,M.T ,H(FMANN1R )r -;TS ON ! GEOLOGY AL;G ! WAY4R RNRNRr RNRNR ,J"OS1 ,W4,R41 #AIHA1 ,YOSEMITE1 !r /ORY 2H ! SC5]YR 7REVIS$ $473 ,LASr ,VEGAS1 ,NEV41 ,,KC ,PUBLIC,NS1 #DH;Rr P4R RRNR R ,B1UTI;LLY ILLU/RAT$ BOOK ONr GEOLOGIC & O!R NATURAL-HI/ORYRr SUBJECTS4R RNRNR RNRNR ,MAT!S1 ,F4,E41r #AICJ1;R ,GEOLOGIC HI/ORY (! ,YOSEMIT]r ,VALLEY1 ) AN APP5DIX ON ,! GRANITICr ROCKS ( !R ,YOSEMITE REGION1 0,F4,C4r ,CALK9S3 ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICALR ,SURVEYr ,PROFES.NAL ,PAP] #AFJ1 #ACG P4RRNR R ,Ar CLASSIC /UDY 9 GLACIAL GEOLOGY4 ,"S ( XSr 3CLU.NSR H BE5 *ALL5G$1 B X REMA9S ! BE/r S\RCE (R DESCRIPTIVE MAT]IAL ON !r GLACI,N ( ,YOSEMITE4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,MAT!S1 ,F4,E4 7,FRYXELL1 ,FRITI(1 $471r #AIEJ1 ,! 9COMP>A#R VALLEY2 A GEOLOGICr 9T]PRET,N (! ,YOSEMITE3R ,B]KELEY1r ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #AFJr P4RRNR R ,AN ELOQU5T V].N ( ,MAT!Sr CLASSIC /UDY1 EXPRESSLYR WRITT5 =! LAYr R1D]4R RNRNR RNRNR ,OSBORNE1 ,MI*AEL1r #AIHC1 ,GRANITE1 WAT] & LIK1R ,CALIF41 ,YOSEMITEr ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ,ASSOCI,N1 #DH P4RRNR Rr ,\T/&+ PHOTOGRAPHS1 FOCUS+ ON !r WAT]FALLS4 ,BRIEFR GEOLOGY4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,RUSSELL1 ,I4,C41 #AHHI1 ,QUAT]N>Yr HI/ORY ( ,MONO ,VALLEY1R ,CALI=NIA3r ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,ANNUALr ,REPORT #H1;R P4 #BFA-CID ,7REPR9T$r #AIHD 0,>TEMISIA ,PRESS1 ,P4,O4R ,BOXr #AAI1 ,LEE ,V9+1 ,,CA #ICEDA7'4;RRNR Rr ,RUSSELL BL5DS SCI;E ) PROSE S VIVID T ?r REPORT ISR ESS5TIAL R1D+ = ANY"O ) ANr 9T]E/ 9 ! ,MONOR ,BAS91 ,MONO ,CRAT]S1 &r ! GLACI]S (! ADJAC5TR ,HI< ,SI]RA1 BO?r PRES5T & PA/4 ,ILLU/RAT$ )R ET*+S &!r SUP]B C>TOGRAPHY ( ,WILL>D ,D4 ,JOHNSONRr 7SE] FIG4 #HA;R ( ? VOLUME74R ,GLACIALr ,LAKE ,RUSSELL1R : O3UPI$ ! ,MONO ,BAS9r DUR+ ! ,TIOGA ,GLACI,N1R 0 S "ND 9r RECOGNI;N ( ? PIONE]+ "W4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,S*A6]1 ,J4,P41 #AIHC1 ,YOSEMITE ,N,NALr ,P>KA NATURAL-HI/ORYR GUIDE 6,YOSEMITE &r XS TRAILS 7#B;D $473R ,B]KELEY1 ,CALIF41r ,WILD];S ,PRESS1 #BGD P4RRNR R ,AN #agar EXCELL5T TRAILGUIDE1 ) BRIEF -;T>IES ONr !R GEOLOGIC F1TURES AL;G _M R\TES4Rr RNRNR RNRNR ,%>P1 ,R4,P41 #AIFJ1r ,GLACI]S3 ,EUG5E1 ,OREGON ,SY/EM (Rr ,HI<] ,$UC,N1 ,3DON ,LECTURE ,PUBLIC,NS1r #GH P4RRNR R ,AN ILLUM9AT+ 4CUS.N (r GLACI]S =! NONSPECIALI/4R RNRNRr RNRN,GEOLOGIC ,MAPSNRNR R RNRNR R ,^!r MAPS %[ DETAILS ( GEOLOGY N POSSI# TOr 9CLUDE 9R ? VOLUME1 & TGR ) YETr UNPUBLI%$ MAPS !Y =MR ! F.D,N ^U : ,I Hr 3/RUCT$ ! GEOLOGICR /ORY4R RNRNR RNRNRr ,ALPHA1 ,T4,R41 ,HUB]1 ,N4,K41 &r ,WAHRHAFTIG1 ,CLYDE1 #AIHF1;R ,OBLIQUEr MAP ( ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>K1 ,CALI=NIA3Rr ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,MISCELLANE\Sr ,9VE/IG,NSR ,S]IES ,MAP ;,I-#AGGF4;RRNRr R ,? MAP DEPICTS ,YOSEMITES L&=MS Zr VIEW$ LOOK+R D[N T[>D ! NOR?EA/ AT ANr ANGLE ( #CJ;O4 ,X IS ANR 5L>G$ & Mr DETAIL$ V].N (R FIGURE #F;R 9 ? VOLUME4Rr RNRNR R R R RNRNR ,ALPHA1 ,T4,R41r ,WAHRHAFTIG1 ,CLYDE1 & ,HUB]1 ,N4,K41 9Rr PRESS1 ,OBLIQUE MAP %[+ ! MAXIMUM EXT5Tr (R #BJ1JJJ-YE>-OLD 7,TIOGA7 #agbr GLACI]S1 ,YOSEMITE ,N,NALR ,P>K1r ,CALI=NIA3 ,U4,S4 ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEYr ,MISCELLANE\SR ,9VE/IG,NS ,S]IES ,MAPr ;,I-#AHHE4;RRNR R ,? MAP DEPICTS !r ,TIOGA ICEFIELD & ASSOCIAT$ VALLEYRr GLACI]S Z VIEW$ LOOK+ D[N T[>D ! NOR?EA/r ATR AN ANGLE ( #CJ;O4 ,X IS AN 5L>G$ & Mr DETAIL$R V].N (R FIGURE #FG;R 9 ?r VOLUME4R RNRNR RNRNR ,BATEMAN1 ,P4,C41 9r PRESS B1 ,PRE-,T]TI>Y B$ROCK GEOLOGY (Rr ! ,M>IPOSA #A;O X #B;O QUADRANGLE1r C5TRAL ,SI]R> ,NEVADA1 ,CALI=NIA3 ,U4,S4r ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,MISCELLANE\SRr ,9VE/IG,NS ,S]IES ,MAP4R ,7,$ITORSr NOTE3R ,PUBLIC,N ;,I-#AIFJr 7#AIIB7;DEA7'RRNR R ,? GEOLOGIC MAP %[Sr ! B$ROCK GEOLOGY )R ,C5OZOIC VOLCANICr ROCKS & SURFICIAL DEPOSITS /RIPP$ (FR Sr Z 63C5TRATE ON ! PLUTONIC ROCKS (!r ,SI]R> ,NEVADA BA?OLI? & ASSOCIAT$r METAMORPHIC ROCKS4 ,ALLR B ! NOR?r "O-F\R? ( ,YOSEMITE ,N,NAL ,P>K LIESR )9r ! LIMITS ( ? 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