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FLOOR (R ! ,LL ,YOSEMITE1r X RISES 6AN ELEV,N ( #HJAB FEET1 6)9 Ar HUNDR$ FEET1R 9 O!R ^WS1 (! LEVEL (r ,S5T9EL ,DOME1 ! FAVORITE PANORAMIC VIEWr PO9TR (! T\RI/2 YET X IS AN 9CONSPICU\Sr F1TURE 9 ! L&SCAPE1 A M]E WAV] 9 !r BILL[Y HID1r FUR!RR DW>FS X 969SIGNIFIC.E2 & ?US1 2+r REM>KA# NEI = HEI IF N UNIQUE 9T]E/1 WELLR WOR?Y (r A PILGRIMAGE4 ,"! >E O!R QUALITIES 2SSr SPECTACUL> HEIM T ATTRACTr "O 6"S SPOTS4RNRNR RNRNR ,X 0 9 #AIJF1r AT ! "T :5 ! TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY (!r ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY 0 9 FULL SW+1 T A "PYr ( SURVEYORS "O HOT SUMM] "D APPROA*$ ?r HEI$ 6BEr A MASSIVE1 TREE-GR[NR EMBANK;T T W.D 9 Ar L;G SMOO? CURVE UP ! BULG+ S\? SIDE ( !Rr DOME 7SEE PHOTOS ON PAGES #FF & #FG74r ,"S #DJ FEET HI<1 X ROSE ) /1DY1Rr UN9T]RUPT$ GRADE1 Z IF LAID 0A C>E;Lr 5G9E]1 C>RY+ XS /RIP ( =E/R ) X ACR !r B>E1 SUN-BAK$ GRANITE SLOPE2 & ?US1 BYr EASY /AGES &R "U G5IAL %ADE1 ! "PY R1*$r A PO9T LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ & FIFTY FEETRr 2L ! SUMMIT4 ,"! ! RIDGE CAME ABRUPTLYr 6AN 5D1 CUT (F 0A PRECIPIC] T FELL (Fr %E] ALM #BJJJ FEET 6! VALLEY FLOOR #aacr 2L4R RRNRNR R RNRNR R ,PROF4 ,A4 ,C4r ,LAWSON#A;RRNR ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,CALI=NI>RNRr ,B]KELEY1 ,CALIF4R R R ,WA%+TON1 ,D4r ,C4RRNR ,JAN4 #BD1 #AIAE;R RRNR RNRNRr ,MY DE> ,PROF4 ,LAWSON3RNRNR RNRNR ,I AMr S5D+ Y 0REGI/]$ MAIL ! MANUSCRIPT (Ar PAP] ON ,MORA9E ,DOM] : ,I _H PREP>$ =!r ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BULLET94 7,"? V>I\S DELAYSr X CDR N 2 F9I%$ 9 "T 6BE 9CLUD$ 9 !r ,JANU>Y ISSUE1 B ,I % RES]VE X =R ! NEXTr "O74RNRNR RNRNR ,I 2LIEVE Y MAY L 6R1D Xr OV]1 Z X D1LS )! "Q ( MULTIPLE GLACI,NSr 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4 ,! ,MORA9E ,DOMEr LOCAL;Y IS ( SPECIAL 9T]E/ 9 T ITR %[S )r 3SID]A# CLE>;S ! 3TRA/ 9 ! AGE (! OLD] &r "Y]R MORA9ES4 ,9 FACT1 X 0 ON ,MORA9Er ,DOME T ! 3VIC;N F/ GREW ^U ME ?ATR "!r >E TWO 4T9CT MORA9E S]IES 9 ! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA1 RECORD+ TWO GLACIAL EPISODESRr SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R 0A L;G 9T]VAL ( "T4 ,!r /ORY ( ,MORA9E ,DOME1 ASR TOLD1 IS Nr RE,Y -PLETE1 Z ,I 9T5D$ X 6BE POPUL> & Zr NE>LY FREE FROMR -PLIC,NS Z POSSI#4 ,Xr DOES N1 H["E1 OMIT ANY IMPORTANT FACTS4r ,REF];ER MIE S DIM Z TOR 2r UNRECOGNIZA# Z TOPOGRAPHIC F1TURES & C 2r TRAC$ ONLY Z BELTS 3TA9+R ,CA!DRALr GRANITE & O!R ROCK MAT]IAL =EIGN 6!r ,YOSEMITE NEIT] ,DOMES : LIE J "U !r UPP] LIMIT R1*$ 0!R E>LI] ICE4 ,^! DOMESr %[ RESIDUAL MASSES ( GRANITE DECAY+ 9r PLACE "S FIV] FEET HI<4RNRNR RNRNR ,DR4r ,7,GROVE ,K>L7' ,GILB]T IS FAMILI> ,)r ,MORA9E ,DOME & HAS VISIT$ X TWICE4R ,!r PHOTO (! APLITE WALL 0 TAK5 0HM4r ,EVID5TLY 8 3CLU.NS AGREE )R M9E1 6JUDGEr F ! NOTES APP5D$ 6HIS PHOTOS 9 ! ,SURVEYr COLLEC;N4 ,NEI!RR ( U1 H["E1 KNEW T !r O!R _H VISIT$ ,MORA9E ,DOME UNTIL ,I %[$r HM MYR VIEWS 7IN #AIJF X WAS1 ,Ir 2LIEVE74RNRNR RNRNR ,I %D GRTLYr APPRECIATE CRITICISM F Y4RNRNR RNRNRr ,7,UNSIGN$7'RNRNR RRNRNR R RNRNR ,Z 6!r R1L NATURE (! EMBANK;T1 "! N"E 0 A MO;TSr D\BT2R X 0 MANIFE/LY A MORA9E (! ANCI5Tr ,M]C$ ,GLACI]1 A RIDGE ( ICE-TRANSPORT$r ROCK DEBRIS1 DEPOSIT$ AL;G ! M>G9 (!r M]-DE-GLACE ?ATR ONCE FILL$ ! ,LL #aaer ,YOSEMITE4 ,XS V %APE1 TGR )! "* (R Rr RNRNR R ,7,G5]AL VIEW ( NOR? SIDE ( ,LLr ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4 ,MORA9E ,DOME 9 !r C5T]1 M>K$ 0A CROSS4 ,! GRT MORA9ALr EMBANK;T IS A35TUAT$ 0A R[ ( DOTS4 ,9 !r BACKGR.D IS ,CL\DS ,RE/4 ,! FA9T1 :ITEr HORIZONTAL L9E 6! "R ( ,MORA9E ,DOME ISr ! B\LD]-/U4$ CRE/ (! HILI] ICE FLOODr OV]TOPP$ MO/ (! L[ M.TA9S AL;G ! SKYr L9E47'RRNR R R RRNR R ,G5]AL VIEW ( NOR?r SIDE ( ,LL ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4 ,MORA9Er ,DOME 9 ! C5T]1 M>K$ BYRRNR A CROSS4 ,!r GRT MORA9AL EMBANK;T IS A35TUAT$ 0A R[ (r DOTS4 ,9 ! BACKGR.DRRNR IS ,CL\DS ,RE/4r ,! FA9T1 :ITE HORIZONTAL L9E 6! "R (r ,MORA9E ,DOME IS ! B\LD]-RRNR /U4$R CRE/r (! HILI] ICE FLOOD OV]TOPP$RRNR MO/ (! L[r M.TA9S AL;G ! SKY L9E4R R RRNR R R R !r B\LD]S & COB#S PROTRUD+ F XS SURFACE1 _Mr ( !M R.D$ &R POLI%$1 & "S REPRES5T+ ROCKr TYPES =EIGN 6! ,YOSEMITE NEIE PL5TI;L AB ! ,YOSEMITE #aafr ,VALLEY & XS BRAN*ES1 B NON] _H BE5r OBS]V$ S REM>KABLY CL1N CUT & P]FECT1r NOR _H ANY BE5 F.DR 9 S /RIK+ A POSI;N1r WR1!D1 Z X W]E1 AB A DOME4 ,& S1 QUIT]r NATUR,Y1 ! APPROPRIATE;S SU7E/$ XF (r NAM+ ! EM9;E = !R EMBANK;T& !N & "! !r HEIGE/ (A S]IES ( P>ALLEL MORA9ES4 ,SPAC$r AT 9T]VALS (R A FEW HUNDR$ FEET ACR !r R.D+ GRANITE SLOPE 2L ! GRT EMBANK;T >Er A NUMB] ( S* GLACIAL DEPOSITS1 ALLr DESCRIB+ SYMPA!TIC >CS1 ALLR SLANT+r WE/W>D AT APPROXIMATELY ! SAME RATE4r ,EA* EVID5TLY RECORDS > HALT 9 !r SUBSID;E (! ICE FLOOD1 OR A TRANSITORYr RISE ( XS L[]+ SURFACE2R TGR !Y TELL !r /ORY (! PROGRESSIVELY DIM9I%+ PULS,NS (r !R GLACI] DUR+ XS DECL9E4 ,"S 3SI/ ( LLr M ?AN A M]E R[ ( B\LD]SR F AM;G : ! F9]r MAT]IAL HAS WA%$ AWAY2 !Y 2SP1K #aagr FLUCTU,NS ( EPHEM]AL BRIEF;S4 ,O!RS H !r =M ( MASSIVE RIDGES1 T5 TOR FIFTE5 FEETr HI< & SUPPORT+ D5SE GR[?S ( MANZANITA &r O3A.NALR P9ES2 ^! ATTE/ RISES (r RELATIVELY L;G DUR,N4RNRNR RNRNR ,H["E1r "O M/ GU>D AG/ 9T]PRET+ ^! F1TURES ) TOOr M*R 3FID;E2 MORA9ES >E 9H]5TLY TRICKY 9r _! NATURE1 *ANG+ DECEPTIVELYR 9 ASPECT Fr PLACE 6PLACE4 ,?US1 ! GRT UPP] EMBANK;Tr ON ,MORA9] ,DOME1 0XS SUP]IOR SIZE &r BULK1 MID 6! BASE (! DOME1 X IS F.Dr TOR DIVIDE 96TWO 4CRETE MORA9E BODIES :r ?;E A3OMPANY EA* O!R ASR SI/] RIDGESr #BJJ 6#CJJ FEET A"P4 ,/ F>!R WE/1 ^Ur 5T]+ ! GRTR EMBAY;T 9 ! NOR? SIDE (! ,LLr ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY1 EA* ( ^! TWOR RIDGESr AG IS F.D 6SPLIT 96?REE SEP>ATE #aahr %>P CRE/S4 ,:AT ON ! DOME1R "!=E1 WD 2r TAK5 =A S+LE1 -PACT1 H1VY MORA9E1 PROVESr 9R R1L;Y 6BE A -POSITE MASS1 3TA9+ !r PROCE$S ( SIX SEP>ATE GLACI]Rr FLUCTU,NS4RNRNR RNRNR ,! CAUSE ( ?r MY/]I\S 2HAVIOR (! MORA9ES IS 6BE S"\ 9r !R 9FLU;E EX]T$ ON ! %APE (! ICE /R1M 0!r V>I,NS 9 ! WID? (R ! VALLEY TR\<4r ,OPPOSITE ,MORA9E ,DOME "! IS A M>K$r N>R[+ 2TR PROMONTORIES ( %>P DECLIV;Y4r ,"! ! LESS] FLUCTU,NS 9 ! GLACI]SRr VOLUME F.D EXPRES.N 9 ONLY 9SIGNIFICANTr LAT]AL OSCILL,NS ( XS BORD]S1R &!r MORA9ES1 9 3SEQU;E1 LIE PLA/]$ AG/ & ^Ur EA* O!R1 9R PLACES 9DIST+UI%ABLY M]G$r TGR4 ,B F>!R WE/ "! IS A PRON\NC$R WID5+r (! VALLEY TR\<1 A3OMPANI$ 0G5TL] SIDEr SLOPES1 & "!1R NATUR,Y1 ! BORD]S (! ICEr /R1M EXP&$ & 3TRACT$ 9 OB$I;ER 6VOLUMEr *ANGES ON A RELATIVELY G5]\S SCALE1r PLAC+ EA* MORA9E ANR RRNRRNR RNRNR R Rr ,! GRT MORA9AL EMBANK;T VIEW$ F ! B>Er GRANITE SLOPE ( ,MORA9E ,DOME ABVRRNR Rr RRNR ,7,! GRT MORA9AL EMBANK;T VIEW$ F !r B>E GRANITE SLOPE ( ,MORA9E ,DOME #aair ABV7'R RRNR R R R APPRECIA# 4T.E F XSr FELL[S4 ,"PICUL>LY -PLETE & DETAIL$1 =Rr ? R1SON1 IS ! MORA9AL RECORD 9 ! GRTr EMBAY;T ON ! NOR? SIDE1 ASR ! TRAVEL] ONr ! ,SUNRISE ,TRAIL MAY 3V5I5TLY OBS]VE4r ,T R\TE1 9 !R F/ #AJJJ FEET ( XS ASC5T Fr ! FLOOR (! ,LL ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY1r TRAV]SESR #CJ MORA9ES 9 SU3ES.N4RNRNRr RNRNR ,LET U N[ SEE :E!R X IS POSSI# TOr TRACE ! C\RSE (! UPP] EMBANK;T EA/W>D Fr ! DOME4 ,Z 0 /AT$1 ! EMBANK;T T]M9ATESr AT > PO9T AB #AEJ FEET 2L ! SUMMIT4 ,Xr /OPS "!1 H["E1 N 2C !R GLACI] 0 DEFICI5Tr 9 ROCK DEBRIS EA/ ( ? PO9T1 B 2C !r PRECIPIT\SR "* (! CLI6S "H DOES N P]MITr ! LODG;T ( LOOSE DEBRIS4 ,X MAYRr R1SONABLY 2 ANTICIPAT$1 "!=E1 T F>!Rr EA/1 ON M FAVORA# GR.D1R ! MORA9E W 2r F.D 6RESUME XS C\RSE4 ,&1 S1 9DE$1 Xr DOES2 ONLY1R "O M/ N LOOK = ANY PLA9r SAIL+ 9 A SE>* ( ? K9D4 ,! W9D+S (R Ar MORA9E >E 9 3SID]A# M1SURE 3DI;N$ 0!r F1TURES (! L&SCAPE1 &1 9 A LOCAL;Y (r PECULI> 3FIGUR,N S* Z ?1 >E LIKELY 62Rr DEVI\S & ELUSIVE1 L ! TURNS & #abjr TWI/S 9 A RA2ITS TRACK4RNRNR RNRNRr ,MORA9E ,DOME1 X W 2 OBS]V$ ON ! MAP1r DOES N CURVE D[N SYMMETRIC,Y 9 ALLr DIREC;NS4 ,NOR?EA/W>D X IS PROL;G$ 9 Ar NE>LY LEVEL1R R.D-BACK$ RIDGE1 HALF Ar MILE L;G & ONLY "S #FJ FEET L[] ?AN !Rr SUMMIT4 ,AT XS F>!R EXTREM;Y ? RIDGEr C>RIES A KNOLL ( AB ! SAM] HEIT+ \ 9r SE>* AL;G ! BACK B"O1 H["E1 "O ISr 4APPO9T$R 6F9D X B>E & SMOO? L ! DOMEr XF4 ,EV5 ! L[E/ SAG1 : WDR NATUR,Y SEEMr 6HOLD MO/ PROMISE1 IS UTT]LY DEVOID (r DEBRIS4 ,B ON !R T]M9AL KNOLL1 9 ! PLACEr ": "O WD L1/ EXPECT 6F9D !M1 "! !Rr MORA9ES TURN UP AG4 ,AT F/ !Y IMPRESS "Or Z A 3FUS$ JUM# ( B\LD]R H1PS1 "PLYr OV]GR[N ) BRU%2 B A LL /UDY %[S !M 63SI/r (R S"EAL 4T9CT B&S1 LOOP$ OV] ! SUMMITr AT 9T]VALS & TRAIL+ D[N TOR ! S\?WE/ &r 6! NOR?WE/ AT A /R;G ANGLE )!r SLOPE4RNRNR RNRNR ,ON ! S\? SIDE (!r KNOLL ! LOOPS >E CUT (F %ORT 0! #abar SAME GRTR CLIFF T 9T]RUPTS ! EMBANK;T ONr ! DOME1 B ON ! NOR? SIDE !Y CANR 2 TRAC$r D[N ALL ! WAY 6,SUNRISE ,CREEK1 ACR !r ,SUNRISE ,TRAIL & UPR AG "? A L;G >C 6!r S\? BASE ( ,CL\DS ,RE/4RNRNR RNRNR ,ON !r GR.D ! SIGNIFIC.E ( ? >C IS N R1DILYr APP>5T1 Z !R =E/ GR[? PRECLUDES Ar -PREH5SIVE VIEW2 B :5 SE5 9 XS 5TIRETYRr R R ON ! MAP ! >C IS AT ONCE RECOGNIZ$ Zr ! \TL9E (A %ORT LOBE ( !R ,M]C$ ,GLACI]4r ,T ICE /R1M1 X WD APPE>1 SPLIT ^U !r KNOLL & S5TR A SMALL POR;N ( XS MASS "?r ! SA4LE 6! NOR?4 ,H[ NE> ! GLACI]R CAMEr 6OV]TOPP+ ! HEI1 DID N 5GULF ! L[R RIDGE 2F X & ADV.Er 6,MORA9E ,DOME2 B XS VISCOS;Y EVID5TLYr DIDR N P]MIT ?4RNRNR RNRNR ,MORA9Er ,DOME1 TGR )! RIDGE EXT5D+ NOR?EA/W>D Fr X1R IS1 !N1 ( SPECIAL 9T]E/ Z A L&M>Kr DEM>CAT+ :AT APPE>S 62R ! HI!R EA/4 ,HE W F9D !M RUNN+r AL;G ! NOR? SIDE ( !R VALLEY Z F> Zr ,SUNRISE ,M.TA91 9 ! =M (A GRT S]IES (r MASSIVE1R P>ALLEL EMBANK;TS4 ,! ,SUNRISEr ,TRAIL =A 3SID]A# 4T.E TAKESR ADVANTAGEr (! MILE-L;G1 UN9T]RUPT$ /RET*ES ( GD GO+r : !S] EMBANK;TS AF=D & AT LA/ SURM.TS !r HITIFICIAL BATTLE;T X LOOMS1 CR[N$R )r GIGANTIC GRANITE B\LD]S T PRODUCE A :ITEr L9E "? ! =E/ VISI#R F AF>R 7PHOTO1 PAGEr #FE74;R ,2L X >E TI]S ( SU3ESSIVELY L[]r CRE/S1 ALLR ROCK /U4$1 & IM"P+ 6! M.TA9r SIDE A *AOTIC1 WILD APPE>.E4R ,ABV1 ON !r O!R H&1 ! SLOPE IS RELATIVELY SMOO? &r F1TURE.S1 S"M$ =! MO/ "P "U A H1VYr MANTLE ( 49TEGRAT$ GRANITE S&4 ,SORr /RIK+ IS ! 3TRA/1 9DE$1 S 3SPICU\S IS !r B.D>Y 2T !R MORA9E LITT]$ SLOPE 2L &!r SMOO? SLOPE ABV T NO "O FULLY COGNIZANTr ( XS SIGNIFIC.E B W UNHESITAT+LY DCL3 ,?r L9E M>KS !R HILYr 2L;G+ 6! DOME 7SURFACE %ELLS ( ? K9D1 Xr MAYR 2 EXPLA9$ 9 PASS+1 >E N[ RECOGNIZ$r 6BE A NORMAL F1TURE (! ,SI]R> DOMES71 Br ! GRT CAPP+ B\LD] 3SI/S (A MAT]IAL DI6]+r 3SPIC\SLYR R R F ! LOCAL ROCK4 ,MORA9Er ,DOME IS -POS$ (A FAIRLY EV5-TEXTUR$Rr GRANITE ( CR1MY COLOR SPECKL$ ) D>Kr M9]AL 7,HALF ,DOME GRANITE X ISR CALL$r 0GEOLOGI/S1 Z ,HALF ,DOME 3SI/S ( ?r ROCK71 :ILE ! P]*$R B\LD] IS (A P9KI%r GRANITE ) SW>MS ( L>GE1 SQU>E-CORN]$r FELDSP>R CRY/ALS (A PAL] HUE4 ,Mr RESI/ANT 6W1!R+ ?AN ! MATRIX 2TR !M1 ^!r CRY/ALS /& \ ON ! SURFACE 9 HI< RELIEF1r L S _M DOM9OR BLOCKS1 TWO 6?REE #abdr 9*ES L;G1 L5D+ ! ROCK A P]CULI>1 LUMPYr ASPECT4RNRNR R RNRNR R ,7,! ]RATIC B\LD]r ( ,CA!DRAL GRANITE ON XS P$E/AL4 ,! ROCKr IS #AB FEET L;G & #E FEET HI<4 ,X ATTE/Sr A M* E>LI] & HI<] ICE FLOOD ?AN !r MORA9AL EMBANK;TS F>!R D[N47'RRNR R RRNRr R ,! ]RATIC B\LD] ( ,CA!DRAL GRANITE ONr XS P$E/AL4 ,! ROCK IS #AB FEET L;G & #Er FEETRRNR HI<4 ,X ATTE/S A M* E>LI] &r HI<] ICE FLOOD ?AN ! MORA9AL EMBANK;TSr F>!RRRNR D[N4R R RRNR R RNRNR ,NO": 9 !r ,YOSEMITE REGION IS ? TYPE ( GRANITE F.Dr 9 PLACE2 BUTR HI<] UP 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADAr X 3/ITUTES ! PREVAIL+ C.TRY ROCK OV]Rr L>GE >1S1 NOTABLY 9 ! UPP] ,TUOLUMNEr BAS94 ,! RU7$ *A9 : T]M9ATES 9 ,CA!DRALr ,P1K IS L>GELY -POS$ ( X1 &1 ACLY1 !r ROCKR HAS BE5 "ND ,CA!DRAL GRANITE4RNRNRr RNRNR ,! NE>E/ LOCAL;Y F : ! B\LD] CD Hr BE5 DERIV$ ISR ,L;G ,M1D[1 : LIES BACK (r ,SUNRISE ,M.TA91 "S FIVE MILES 6!Rr NOR?EA/4 ,CLE>LY "! IS B "O AG5T T CD Hr BR"\ X F ?ATR PLACE1 & T IS A GLACI]4 ,!r V SIZE (! B\LD] PRECLUDES ! POSSIBIL;YRr ( XS HAV+ BE5 TRANSPORT$ 0ANO!R #aber AG5T4 ,2SS1 X IS "KN T !R R R ,M]C$r ,GLACI] C>RI$ 3SID]A# ( ? MAT]IAL1r FRAG;TS 2+ PL5TI;LR 9 ALL (! MORA9ESr DESCRIB$4RNRNR RNRNR ,! GLACIAL ORIG9 (!r B\LD] 2+ ADMITT$1 ! 3CLU.N PREVI\SLYRr R1*$ T ! GRT EMBANK;T ON ! FLANK (! DOMEr M>KS ! HI* MAYr H 6BE C>RI$ TOR HI<] GR.D4 ,?1 X %D 2r SD1 HAS ACTU,Y BE5 D"O1 )! RESULTR T !r ICE IS N[ DEF9ITELY "KN 6H OV]TOPP$ !r DOME 0FIVE HUNDR$R FEET AT L1/4RNRNRr RNRNR ,9 ! M1N:ILE ! 5TIRE /ORY (r ,MORA9E ,DOME IS N TOLD4 ,9 ! F/R #abfr PLACE1 "! IS A C]TA9 SIGNIFIC.E 9 ! ALMr -PLETE ISOL,N (! TWOR ]RATICS M5;N$4r ,SE>* Z "O MAY1 "! IS N ANO!R ROCK (r EXTRANE\SR ORIG9 6BE F.D ON ! DOME4 ,YETr ! SUMMIT IS BROAD & LEVEL1 AF=D+R AMPLEr SPACE =A H1VY GLACIAL DEPOSIT4 ,IFr MORA9ES >E A# 6MA9TA9 !MVS 9 ! =M ( /R;Gr EMBANK;TS ON ! /EEPLY 9CL9$ FLANKS ( !Rr DOME1 :Y %D "! 2 S* A PAUC;Y ( GLACIALr MAT]IAL ON ! M* MOR] FAVORA#1 LEVELr SUMMIT8RNRNR RNRNR ,! SUSPICION "Hr 9S9UATES XF T POSSIBLY "O HAS 6D "H )R !r VE/IGES ( :AT MAY ONCE H BE5 A MORA9E (r 3SID]A# VOLUME1R A MORA9E1 H["E1 (A V M*r E>LI] ICE FLOOD ?AN ! "O ^: HI/ORYR IS Sr FULLY RECORD$ 9 ! H1VY EMBANK;TS L[]r D[N1 A MORA9E S ANCI5T1R 9DE$1 T ALL (r XS MAT]IAL HAS 0? "T 49TEGRAT$ & WA%$r AWAY1R SAVE = ^! TWO SOLIT>Y ]RATICS4r ,S"EAL ?+S SEEM 6/R5G!N ?ISR SUSPICION4r ,= "O ?+1 BO? ROCKS H L;G S9CE LO/ _!r ICE-SMOO!D1R R.D$ 3T\R1 & H W1!R$ D[N TOr IRREGUL>1 LUMPY =MS4 ,AG1R BO? ROCKS Hr P$E/ALS4 ,T ! SMALL] "O ON ! SUMMITr POSSESSES S* > SUPPORT1 HAS N BE5 #abgr M5;N$4 ,! FACT IS T X NO L;G] O3UPIES XSr P$E/AL1 B L1NS AG/ ! BASE1 HAV+ SLIPP$r D[N APP>5TLY N L;G AGO4R ,T ! LL PILE1 :r /&S AB TWELVE 9*ES HI<1 RE,Y ONCE DIDr S]V] R R Z A SUPPORT =! ]RATIC1 H["E1 ISr 2Y "Q2 ! BADLY DECOMPOS$R GRANITE (!r P$E/AL CLE>LY CD N H SURVIV$ ABV ! G5]ALr SURFACE (! DOME1 SAVE "? ! PRES;E (Ar PROTECT+ COV] ( "S SORT4R ,9DE$1 "! ISr NO D\BT B :AT ! P$E/ALS ( BO? B\LD]S [Er _!R PRES]V,N 6! PROTECTIVE 9FLU;E (!r RESI/ANT CAP ROCKS4 ,!Y HAV] REMA9$ /&+r :ILE ! SURR.D+ "PS (! DOME H GRADU,YRr WA/$ AWAY "U ! ATTACKS (! ELE;TS4 ,!Yr PO9T1 "!=E1 6> G5]AL DENUD,N (! DOME Tr HAS BE5 9 PROGRESS =A 3SID]A# LAPS] (r "T4 ,! EXACT RATE AT : ! SURFACE (Ar GRANITE DOME IS ANNU,YR L[]$ IS1 (r C\RSE1 N DEF9ITELY "KN1 B X IS SAFE 6SAYr T ! P]IODR 9VOLV$ 0 A L5G?Y "O1 6BEr RECKON$ 9 ?\S&S ( YE>S4RNRNR RNRNR ,P]*$r ]RATICS1 X IS 6BE NOT$1 >E 0NO M1NS Ar -MON F1TURE ( !R ,YOSEMITE REGION4 ,2L !r GRT MORA9AL EMBANK;T T 0 ?"\ TOR M>K !r CULM9,N (! ICE TIDE1 P]*$ B\LD]S #abhr >E SIGN,Y ABS5T4R ,DETA*$ ]RATICS AB.Dr 2T ! MORA9E RIDGES1 X IS TRUE1 Br 9V>IABLYR !Y >E F.D RE/+ ON ! H>D1 SMOO?r SURFACE (! GRANITE1 :1 EV5R Z ! B\LD]Sr !MVS1 APPE>S 6H "UG"O LL OR NO *ANGEr S9C] ! )DRAWAL (! ICE1 & 9 _M PLACES /r RETA9S ! POLI% & SC\R+S1 IM"P$ 6X 0!r GR9D+ GLACI]4 ,SIMIL>LY AM;G ! ?\S&S &Rr ?\S&S ( GLACIAL B\LD]S SCATT]$ OV] ^?r WOND];L EXPANSES ( ICE-SMOO!D1 B>Er GRANITE : "O TRAV]SES ON ! WAY 6,M]C$r ,LAKE1 !R] IS N "O 6BE F.D SUPPORT$ 0Ar RESIDUAL P$E/AL4 ,S /RIK+ IS ? FACTR AFr "O HAS 2COME ACQUA9T$ )! 3DI;NS ON !r SUMMIT ( ,MORA9] ,DOME1 T "O _C ESCAPEr 3CLUD+ T ! 3TRA/ 2TOK5S A GRTR DI6];E 9r AGE 2T ! GLACIAL MAT]IAL LY+r RESPECTIVELY ABV & 2L[R ! L9E (! GRTr EMBANK;T4 ,T EMBANK;T ACLY ASSUMES Ar NEWR & M DEF9ITE SIGNIFIC.E2 X APPE>S TOr M>K ! CULM9AT+ /AGE ( > RELATIVELY REC5Tr ICE FLOOD1 ":AS ! ANCI5T-LOOK+ P]*$r ]RATICS ON !R DOME ATTE/ A GLACIAL EPO*r (A RELATIVELY REMOTE DATE4RNRNR RNRNR ,Xr MAY H BE5 REM>K$ T ! P$E/ALS (! #abir TWO ]RATICS ON ,MORA9] ,DOME D N A3ORD 9r HEIGE L[] B\LD] IS ?REE FEETr TALL1R :ILE T (! SMALL] ROCK ON ! SUMMITr M1SURES ONLY AB "O FOOT4 ,TOOR M*r SIGNIFIC.E %D N 2 ATTA*$ 6? 4P>;Y1 = "!r IS GDR R1SON 62LIEVE T NEI B\LD] HASr RETA9$ XS EXACT POSI;N "?\TR ! 5TIREr P]IOD ( XS LODG;T ON ! DOME4 ,! L[] "O1r 2+ SITUAT$ ONR A /EEP 9CL9E1 NO D\BT HASr CREPT D[N HILL F "T 6"T1 Z XS 49TEGRAT+Rr R R SUPPORT CRUM#D "U ! LOAD1 OR Z XSr EQUILIBRIUM %IFT$ "? !R FLAK+ (F (r POR;NS ( XS [N MASS4 ,9DE$ ! ASPECT (!r P$E/AL IS S*R Z 6W>RANT ! 9F];E T ! GRTr ]RATIC HAS N LA9 L;G 9 XS PRES5TRr POSI;N4RNRNR RNRNR ,Z =! B\LD] ON !r SUMMIT1 ! *.ES >E T 9 SLIPP+ F ITSRr SUPPORT1 X HAS M]ELY REP1T$ AN ACT X HASr P]=M$ 2F4 ,A ROCK ( S*R MOD]ATE DIM5.NSr 7X M1SURES B LL OV] ?REE FEET ACR7 IS Nr LIKELYR 6G5]ATE A P$E/AL ( ANY 3SID]A#r HEI ! UMBRELLA TREEr ON ! SUMMIT ( ,MORA9E ,DOME4 ,XS HEILI] ICE FLOOD47'RRNR R Rr RRNR R ,! LL APLITE WALL NE> ! UMBRELLAr TREE ON ! SUMMIT ( ,MORA9E ,DOME4 ,XSr HEILI] ICE FLOOD4R Rr RRNRRNR R 2C ( XS SMALL DIAMET]1 WD SOONr 2 W1!R$ "? & "?1R & WD EI CRUM# D[N ORr %$ ! CAP ROCK4 ,! LATT]1 9 XS NEWRr POSI;N ON ! SURFACE (! DOME1 WD !N "? XSr PROTECTIVE 9FLU;E1R PROCE$ 6G5]ATE ANO!Rr P$E/AL1 & ? COLUMN1 9 "T1 WD PROBABLYRr F>E L ! F/4 ,?US1 X W 2 SE51 ! ]RATICr MAY H O3UPI$ S"EALR L[ P$E/ALS 9r SU3ES.N4RNRNR RNRNR ,^! 3JECTURES MAYr SEEM F> FET*$ P]H1 N"E!.S !Y POSSESSRr /R;G ELE;TS ( PROBABIL;Y1 Z IS 9DICAT$r 0C]TA9 O!R RESIDUAL F1TURESR ON ,MORA9Er ,DOME4 ,SC>CELY #EJ FEET 6! NOR?EA/ (!r SMALL ]RATIC ON !R SUMMIT1 CLOSE 6A D1Dr UMBRELLA TREE T M>KS ! HID5r WALL1 BUILT ( DRY SLABS1 ) _MR *9KS Tr LET "? ! "DLIS TOR H TUM#D D[N 9 "P1 &r T]M9ATES 9 %APE.S PILES ( SLABS4RNRNRr RNRNR ,! 9T]PRET,N ( ? ODD F1TURE IS Nr DI6ICULT4 ,X IS A POR;N (A ?ICKR VE9 ORr DIKE (A YELL[1 F9E-GRA9$ IGNE\S ROCK1r "KN Z APLITE1 T CUTSR V]TIC,Y "? ! BODYr (! DOME4 ,APLITE1 X %D 2 EXPLA9$1 W1!RSRr M* M SL[LY ?AN DOES GRANITE4 ,Z !r SURFACE (! DOME1 "!=E1 WASR 2+ L[]$ 0!r GRADUAL WA/+ AWAY (! GRANITE1 ! 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E>LI]r ICE FLOOD4RNRNR RNRNR ,NO TRACE ( GLACI]r POLI% REMA9S ON ! TOP (! WALL TD 7: ISr NOTR SURPRIS+1 Z ALL POLI% (! E>LI] ICEr FLOOD HAS L;G S9CE VANI%$ "?\T !r ,YOSEMITE REGION1 EXCEPT 9 ^? R>E #accr LOCALITIES ": X 0 =TUIT\SLYR PRES]V$ "Ur DEBRIS T HAS REMA9$ UNDISTURB$ 0! LAT]r ICE71 &R ?US "! IS NO GU>ANTEE T ! TOPr CO9CIDES EV5 R\Er "! ANY BROK5 SLABS AB ! BASE (! WALL Tr APPE> 6H BE5R DERIV$ F ! TOP4RNRNR RNRNRr ,AG1 "! IS A REM>KA# A3ORD.E 9 HEIr K9D1 LOCAT$ NE> ! S\?WE/]N 5D ( !Rr SUMMIT (! DOME4 ,^! WALLS AL [E _!r EXI/;E 6! SUP]IOR RESI/+ P[] ( APLITE1 Br !Y DI6] F ! LL WALL DESCRIB$ 9 T !Rr APLITE VE9S 9 !M >E /EEPLY 9CL9$ 9/1D (r V]TICAL1 & =M SLANT+R RO(S "U : MASSES (r GRANITE H REMA9$ PRES]V$4 ,!Y >E "!=Er -POSITE BODIES1 3TA9+ BO? GRANITE &r APLITE1 & >E R MASSIV] & IRREGUL> 9r %APE4 ,! UPP] WALL IS #H FEET HI<1 AB !r SAME Z !R WALL NE> ! UMBRELLA #acdr TREE2 ! 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O!RS1 YET ALL >E NOTABLY ALIK] 9 "Or RESPECT3 _! FRAIL M9>ETS & SPL9T]$ CRE/Sr /& PLANT$ ^U FULL-BODI$ M.TA9S ( GRTr BULK1 ALL RIS+ 6APPROXIMATELY ! SAMEr HEI /YLE ( M.TA9r >*ITECTURE1 : IS NOTR PREVAL5T 9 !r ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 HAS BE5 H9T$ AT 0M ?ANr "O WRIT]4R ,MUIR & ,*ASE BO? H SU7E/$ Tr ! %>P P9NACLES & CRE/S MAYR 2 SUMMITS Tr 7 N"E OV]RI45 0! ICE (! ,GLACIAL ,EPO*2r ?ATR /OOD \ ABV EV5 ! HI* (! LA/ TWO DECADES HAS MADE #acir "KN 6U4 ,6,MUIR & HISR R R 3TEMPOR>IES !r ,GLACIAL ,EPO* / SEEM$ A S+LE1r UN9T]RUPT$ CYCLE (R GLACIAL 3DI;NS Tr SL[LY R1*$ A CLIMAX1 L AN ONCOM+ TIDE1 &r !NR SL[LY WAN$1 ! GLACI]S MAK+ _M REP1T$r B PROGRESSIVELY FEE#RR RE-ADV.ES1 L !r WAVES ( AN \-GO+ TIDE4 ,TD WE "K T !r ,GLACIALR ,EPO*1 S-CALL$1 RE,Y 3SI/$ (r S"EAL PROL;G$ ICE-TIDES SEP>AT$ BYRr EQU,Y PROL;G$ 9T]VALS1 DUR+ EA* ( : !r 3T95TAL ICE-%EET &R ! LESS] ICE-BODIESr ON \R WE/]N M.TA9 RANGES %RANK BACK 6_!r S\RCESR & P]H VANI%$ ALT4RNRNR RNRNR ,9r ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA 9DIC,NS ( AT L1/ TWOr GRT ICE-FLOODS H BE5R CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$r 0S"EAL OBS]V]/WO ICE-FLOODS T O3URR$r MANIFE/LYR AT WIDELY DI6]5T "TS1 ! LAT]r CULM9AT+ PROBABLY ONLY TW5TY ?\S&R YE>Sr AGO1 ! E>LI]1 P]H Z M* Z S"EAL HUNDR$r ?\S& YE>S AGO#.A;R ,! EVID;E IS ! Mr R1DILY E/ABLI%$ Z ! LAT] ICE-FLOOD 0 !r SMALL]R & LESS EXT5SIVE (! TWO & LEFTr UNDISTURB$ ! MORA9E/HAT IS1 !R RIDGES (r ICE-C>RI$ ROCK DEBRI/HAT M>K ! LIMITS (!r E>LI] ICE-FLOOD4R ,9 NO "P (! #adjr ,SI]RA ,NEVADA H ^! FACTS BE5 ASC]TA9$ )r MOR] PRECI.N ?AN 9 ! ,YOSEMITE REGION &!r ,HI< ,SI]RA IMMLY ABVR X4 ,?US X IS N[r DEF9ITELY "KN T ! LAT] ICE-FLOOD 9VAD$ !r ,YOSEMIT] ,VALLEY ONLY Z F> Z !r ,BRIDALVEIL ,M1D[S1 ":AS ! E>LI]r ICE-FLOODR ADV.ED ELEV5 MILES F>!R D[N !r ,M]C$ ,CANYON1 -+ 6A HALT > %ORT 4T.E 2Yr ,EL ,PORTAL4RNRNR RNRNR ,X W 2 CLE> F ?r T "! 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SN[ 3DI;NS AL;G ! ,SI]RA CRE/ 7r SUB/ANTI,Y ! SAME 9 BO? EPO*S4R ,! SN[Sr T F$ ! VA/ GLACI]S ( !R E>LI] EPO* FILL$r ! SUMMIT CIRQUES 6NO GRT] DEP? ?AN DID !r SN[SR T =M$ ! SMALL] GLACI]S (! LAT]r EPO*4R ,! SIGNIFIC.E ( ?ISR REM>KA#r CO9CID;E NE$ N 2 "H 4CUSS$IT WD L1D TOOr F> AFIELD2R SU6ICE X = \R PURPOSE T !r FACT HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$4RNRNR RNRNR ,A FEWr FIGURES W HELP 6GIVE M DEF9ITE;S 6"OSr 3CEP;N ( !R REL,N (! TWO ICE-L9ES4 ,!r LAT] ,YOSEMITE ,GLACI] 5D$ AT !r ,BRIDALVEIL ,M1D[S AT AN ALTITUDE (r #CIJJ FEET1 B ! LAT]AL MORA9ES #adbr LEFT 0!R E>LI] ICE-/R1M ON EI SIDE (!r ,YOSEMITE *ASM LIE #BGJJ FEET ABV ?ISRr SPOT4 ,AT ! H1D (! VALLEY ! LAT] GLACI]r ATTA9$ A DEP? ( AB #AEJJ;R FEET1 B !r LAT]AL MORA9ES (! E>LI] GLACI] / LIEr #BDJJ FEET HI<]4R ,)9 ! NEXT FEW MILES !r TWO ICE-L9ES 3V]GE ) REM>KA# RAPID;Y4Rr ,9 ! ,LL ,YOSEMITE1 = 9/.E1 !Y >E ONLYr #FJJ FEET A"P4 ,"! ! LAT]R ICE ROSE )9r #AJJ FEET (! TOP ( ,MORA9E ,DOME1 B !r E>LI] ICE PASS$R OV] X )A DEP? ( OV]r #EJJ FEET4 ,OPPOSITE ,LAKE ,M]C$ !r DI6];E 9R ALTITUDE 2T ! TWO ICE-L9ESr DW9DLES 6#DJJ FEET1 & ?;E UPW>D1 TOR !r ULTIMATE S\RCE (! GLACI] "U ,M.T ,LYELL1r ! DI6];E /1DILYR DECR1SES UNTIL X 2COMESr A VANI%+ QUANT;Y4RNRNR RNRNR ,FOLL[+ !r ICE-L9ES UP "? ,T5AYA ,CANYON1 !Y >E F.Dr 62R #BAJJ FEET A"P 9 ALTITUDE OPPOSITEr ,HALF ,DOME4 ,T ROCK MONU;T WASR 5GULF$r 0! E>LI] ICE UP 6)9 #GJJ FEET ( XSr SUMMIT1 B EV5 ! FOOTR ( XS GRT CLIFFr ROSE #HJJ FEET ABV ! SURFACE (! LAT]r GLACI]4 ,AT ! H1DR ( ,T5AYA ,CANYON !r E>LI] ICE ROSE ONLY #IJJ FEET HI<] #adcr ?AN ! LAT] ICE1 &R / F>!R UP1 ON !r DIVIDE 2T ! ,T5AYA & ,TUOLUMNE BAS9S1 !Rr TWO ICE-L9ES >E ONLY #DJJ FEET A"P4 ,9 !r GRT UPP] ,TUOLUMNE ,BAS91 :I*R HELD ANr ICE-FIELD EMBRAC+ #ADJ SQU>E MILES1 !r E>LI] & LAT] ICE-FLOODSR DI6]$ ONLY #BJJr FEET 9 LEVEL1 Z IS 6BE 9F]R$ F ! TWOr ICE-L9ES ONR ,RA7$ ,P1K4 ,& ON !r ,CA!DRAL ,RANGE1 : 0 9 L>GE M1SURE !Rr G5]ATOR ( ? IMM5SE ICE-FIELD1 2+ ! GRTr H$GE 2H : ! 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BAS9 0 FILL$ ) S&R & GRAVELr DEPOSIT$ 0! ,M]C$ ,RIV]4 ,9 ! ,K+S ,RIV]r ,CANYON PROBABLYR NO BAS9 0 EXCAVAT$ 7"!r MAY POSSIBLY H BE5 A %ALL[ "O NE> !Rr UPP] 5D71 B DUR+ ! F9AL RECES.N (! #afcr GLACI] ! FLOOR 0 LEFT DEEPLYR 5CUMB]$ )r ICE-BORNE DEBRIS4 ,! ,K+S ,RIV] ,GLACI]r EVID5TLY 0 M*R M H1VILY LOAD$ )r ROCK-WA/E ?AN ! ,YOSEMITE ,GLACI]1 & Nr ONLY LEFTR "O MORA9E LOOP AF ANO!R1 B 2Tr MORA9ES LIB]AT$ IMM5SE QUANTITIES (r GRAVEL & B\LD]S T 7 SPR1D \ 9 ?ICK %EETSr 0! TORR5TSR FL[+ F ! MELT+ ICE4 ,? \TWA%r MAT]IAL N[ =MS ! GRT] "PR (! FLOOR ^U :r "O TRAVELS & CAMPS2 ONLY ! CRE/S (!r RECES.NALR MORA9ES EM]GE "H & "! ABVr X4RNRNR RNRNR ,! DI6];E 9 ! NATURE (!r FILL+ 9 ! TWO *ASMS A3.TS =R ! 3TRA/ 9r DEGREE ( FLAT;S ( _! RESPECTIVE FLOORS4r ,! FLOOR ( !R ,YOSEMITE IS S NE>LY LEVELr T ! EYE C N DETECT XS SLOPEIT DESC5DSR Rr R R ONLY TW5TY FEET 9 A 4T.E ( FIVEr MILES2 ":AS ! FLOOR (! ,K+S ,RIV]Rr ,CANYON DESC5DS #FJJ FEET 9 A 4T.E ( N9Er MILES1 OR AT AN AV]AGE ( SIXTY-SIX FEETr 6! MILE4RNRNR RNRNR ,! GRT WID? ( BO?r *ASMS IS DUE L>GELY 6! FACT T ! GLACI]SRr 7 A# 6QU>RY LAT],Y 6F> BETT] ADVANTAGE 9r !M ?AN 9 !R CANYONS ABV OR 2L4 ,?r GLACIAL QU>RY+ 0 FACILITAT$ 0! #afdr PREVAL;ER ( JO9TS 9 ! ROCKMORE OR LESSr REGUL>LY SPAC$ FRACTURES":BY BLOCKSR (r 3V5I5T SIZE 7 MADE AVAILA# = PLUCK+ &r TRANSPORT,N4 ,!R CANYONS ABV & 2L1 ON !r 3TR>Y1 >E N>R[1 2C ! ROCK 9 !MR 0 LESSr G5],Y FRACTUR$9 FACT1 = 3SID]A# 4T.ES Xr 0 :OLLYR UNDIVID$& Z A 3SEQU;E ! GLACI]Sr CD ONLY GR9D & POLI%4R ,& 9 ! H>D ,SI]RAr GRANITES ^! ABRASIVE PROCESSES "W )r EXCE$+R SL[;S4RNRNR RNRNR ,ANO!Rr CIRCUM/.E T D\BT.S 3TRIBUT$ T[>D !r PRODUC;N (R ! GRT WID? (! TWO *ASMS 0 !r 3FLU;E AT _! H1DS ( TWOR P[];L TRIBUT>Yr GLACI]S4 ,= X C 2 %[N ANALYTIC,Y T !r 3SOLID,N ( TWO OR M GLACI]S 96"O IS B.Dr 6RESULT 9 A DECID$ 9CR1SE 9R ECONOMY (r MOVE;T &A CORRESPOND+ 9CR1SE 9 K9ETICr 5]GY 75]GY (R MASS MOVE;T DUE 6GRAVIT,N7r AVAILA# = EROSIVE AC;N4 ,B ! IMPORT.E (r ? FACTOR %D N 2 OV]RAT$1 = "! IS AMPLEr EVID;E T > 3FLU;E ( GLACI]S 0 Nr 9DISP5SA# 9 E CASE 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVAD> =!r PRODUC;N (A TYPICAL ,YOSEMITE4 ,9/.ES >Er N WANT+ ( S*R VALLEYS ^: H1DS >E N M>K$r 0ANY JUNC;N ( TRIBUT>Y GLACI] #afer TR\RI$r ROCK IS ! PRIME FACTOR T DET]M9$ ITSRr GRT WID?4RNRNR RNRNR ,)AL "! >E FEWr PLACES 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA ": ! RELATIVEr IMPOT;ER (! ICE :5 D1L+ ) MASSIVE1r UNDIVID$ GRANITE IS M /RIK+LYRr EXEMPLIFI$ ?AN 9 "S "PS (! ,LLr ,YOSEMITE4 ,LIB]TY ,CAP & ,M.TRr ,BROD]ICK1 ! TWO GRT BOSSES T OB/RUCT XSr M\?1 /OOD DIRECTLY 9 !R PA? (! GLACI]1r YET !Y H SURVIV$ Z GIGANTIC RO*ESr M\TONNEES1 EA*R 2+ ESS5TI,Y AN UNQU>RIA#r MONOLI?4RNRNR RNRNR ,"! IS1 !N1 LL D\BTr T BO? ! ,K+S ,RIV] ,CANYON & !Rr ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY H BE5 DEVELOP$ 9r PLACES ": ! JO9TS 9 ! ROCK P]MITT$r GLACIAL QU>RY+ ON AN EXTRAORD9>Y SCALE4r ,_! BROAD TR\< =M1R ACLY1 IS A FUNC;N1 Zr MA!MATICIANS WD SAY1 ( _! ROCKr /RUCTURE4R R R ,( C\RSE1 X IS A FUNC;Nr AL (! QU>RY+ P[] (! GLACI]4 ,?ATR ! ,K+Sr ,RIV] ,CANYON IS ONLY "O-HALF Z WIDE &r TWO-?IRDS Z DEEP Z !R ,YOSEMITE IS #affr DUE 9 "P 6! 9F]IOR QU>RY+ P[] (! ,K+Sr ,RIV]R ,GLACI] & ONLY 9 "P 6! LESSr QU>RIA# NATURE ( XS ROCKS4 ,SPACE DOESr NOTR P]MIT "H =! GIV+ (A -P>ISON (! ,K+Sr ,RIV] & ,YOSEMIT] GLACI]S4 ,SU6ICE X TOr SAY T _! RELATIVE MAGNITUDES & QU>RY+r P[]SR >E R1DILY 9F]R$ F _! RESPECTIVEr MORA9E SY/EMS1 ( : ! WRIT]R 0 A# 6MAKE Ar -P>ATIVE /UDY 9 ! SUMM] ( #AIBE4;RNRNRr RNRNR ,! DETAIL SCULPTURE (! CLI6S ( BO?r *ASMS AL IS 9TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$R )! V>Y+r /RUCTURE (! ROCK4 ,9DE$1 EA* TYPE (r SCULPTURE IS !R EXPRES.N (A DEF9ITE TYPEr ( /RUCTURE1 & 2C (! DELICACY ( T\*R (!r PO/GLACIAL SCULPTUR+ AG5TSFRO/1r TEMP]ATURE *ANGES1 RUNN+ WAT]1Rr SN[-SLIDES1 GR.D WAT]1 & S =!V]Y LOCALr *ANGE & VAG>Y 9 !R /RUCTURE HAS BE5 BR"\r \ 9 BAS-RELIEF4RNRNR RNRNR ,! MASSIVE1r UNDIVID$ GRANITE 9 G5]AL GIVES RISE TOr R.D$ DOMES &R CURV+ WALLSIT T5DS 6ASSUMEr SIMPLE FL[+ \TL9ES1 2C X EXFOLIATESR ATr ! SURFACE 9 SMOO?LY CURV+ 3C5TRIC %ELLS4r ,! JO9T$ ROCKS1 ON !R O!R H&1 >E C>V$r 96PREVAIL+LY ANGUL>1 FACET$ =MS4 #afgr ,& ": !S] TWO TYPES ( /RUCTURE 9T]M+LE 9r CAPRICI\S FA%ION1 "! >ISE =MS (Rr UNUSUAL1 /RIK+ 9DIVIDUAL;Y1 MONU;TS (r UNIQUE DESIGN1 S* Z ,HALF ,DOME1Rr ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS1 ! ,GR& ,S5T9EL1 &!r ,SPH9X4RNRNR RNRNR ,TWO ?+S A3.T =!r PH5OM5AL >RAY ( BOLD & 3TRA/+ SCULPTURALr =MS 9 ! ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY3 ! R =TUIT\Sr ASSEMBLAGE )9 ITSR -PASS (A NUMB] (r DI6]+ TYPES ( ROCK1 &! FREQU5T O3URR;Er (R EXTREME TYPES ( /RUCTURE 9 IMMr JUXTAPOSI;N4 ,! UPP] ,K+S ,RIV]R ,CANYONr [ES XS PRON\NC$ ,YOSEMITE-L SCULPTUREr LIKEWISE 6! PRES;E (R GRANITE ( HI /RUCTURE2 ! L[] "P (! CANYON1r ON ! 3TR>Y1 IS CUT 9 M EV5LY JO9T$r ROCKS1 & "!=E IS SC5IC,Y LESSRr IMPRESSIVE4RNRNR RNRNR ,:AT N[ MAY 2 !r R1SON =! M>K$ 4P>;Y 2T ! TWOR *ASMS 9 !r MATT] ( HANG+ VALLEYS & WAT]FALLS8 ,9 !r LA/ ANALYSIS X1R TOO1 IS TRACEA# TOr /RUCTURAL 9FLU;ES4 ,! ELEVAT$ HANG+r VALLEYS ( !R ,YOSEMITE REGION >E HELD UPr 0MASSIVE GRANITE EXCE$+LY RESI/ANT 6BO?Rr /R1M & GLACI] ERO.N4 ,"O NE$ B #afhr VIEW ! GR& CLIFF "U ! UPP]R ,YOSEMITEr ,FALLS 6BE 3V9C$ ( ? FACT3 MO/ ( XS ROCKr IS :OLLY UNDIVID$R 6A HEIE SPAC$ HUNDR$S ( FEETr A"P4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! DEEPLY CUTR SIDEr GORGES (! ,K+S ,RIV] ,CANYON1 &! LLr GUL*ES 9CIS$ 96!R LIPS ( XS FEW HANG+r VALLEYS1 ALL TRAV]SE ROCKS SU6ICI5TLYr FRACTUR$ 6GIVE !R EROD+ AG5TS A GDr HOLD4RNRNR RNRNR ,B T1 AF ALL1 IS ONLY Ar SMALL "P (! /ORY4 ,! SIGNIFIC.E ( !Rr HANG+ VALLEYS !MVS M/ 2 TAK5 96A3.T4 ,!Yr >E ! TELLTAL] F1TURES (! L&SCAPE T GIVEr U ! KEY 6! MY/]IES (! E>LY HI/ORYR &!r ULTIMATE ORIG9 (! TWO *ASMS4RNRNR RNRNRr ,X HAS BE5 -MONLY SUPPOS$ T ! HANG+r VALLEYS ^: WAT]S P\RR 96! ,YOSEMITE *ASMr >E1 L MO/ HANG+ VALLEYS 9 GLACIAT$r M.TA9R REGIONS1 PRODUCTS ( GLACI,Nr MA9LY2 OR1 6/ATE X M A3URATELY1 T !YR Hr REMA9$ SUSP5D$ HI< ABV ! *ASMS FLOORr L>GELY 2C ! FEE#R BRAN* GLACI]S T O3UPI$r !M 7 UNA# 6EXCAVATE Z E6ECTIVELY Z !Rr P[];L ,YOSEMITE ,GLACI]4 #afir ,UND5IABLY GRT 4P>;Y 9 EROD+ P[] 2TR !r MA9 GLACI] & XS TRIBUT>IES 0 A POT5Tr FACTOR 9 DEVELOP+ &R A35TUAT+ ! 4CORD.Er 2T ! MA9 *ASM & XS SIDE VALLEYS1 BUTR "Or WD GRTLY ]R 9 GIV+ X SOLE CR$IT =r PRODUC+ ! 5TIRE 4CORD.ER 9 E CASE4RNRNRr RNRNR ,Z F> BACK Z #AIAC1 :5 ! F>!/r LIMITS R1*$ 0! ,YOSEMITE ,GLACI]R 7 =!r F/ "T DEF9ITELY MAPP$ 0! WRIT]1 X 2CAMEr EVID5T ?ATR HANG+ VALLEYS O3UR N ONLY )9r ! GLACIAT$ >EA (! ,YOSEMITE REGION1R Br AL \TSIDE ( X4 ,A NUMB] ( !M ACTU,Y O3URr ON BO? SIDES ( !R L[] ,M]C$ ,CANYON1 _Mr MILES 2L ,EL ,PORTAL1 9 ^: VIC9;Y !r GLACI]R T]M9AT$4 ,A SIMIL> /ATE ( ?+Sr HAS S9CE BE5 F.D 9 ! UNGLACIAT$R L[]r POR;NS ( ,TUOLUMNE1 ,/ANISLAUS1 & ,SANr ,JOAQU9 CANYONS4 ,! ANCI5TR GLACI]S DIDr N R1* )9 ?IRTY MILES (! BASE (! RANGE1r YET TYPICALR HANG+ VALLEYS1 ) CASCADESr TUMBL+ F _! M\?S1 O3UR )9 A V]YR FEWr MILES (! FOOTHILLS4RNRNR RNRNR ,H[ >E ^!r FACTS 6BE A3.T$ =8 ,7 ! SIDE /R1MS1r P]H1R UNA# 6TR5* Z RAPIDLY Z ! MA/]r /R1MS8 ,& IF S1 :Y8RNRNR RNRNR ,! #agjr ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 X IS 6BE BORNE 9 M9D1r 3SI/S (A HUGE BLOCK ( !R E>?S CRU/ Tr LIES /R;GLY TILT$1 ) XS EA/]N $GE RAIS$r 6A GRT HEIPLYr A35TUAT$ 0RENEW$ E>? /RESSES1 ! /R1MS Tr RUN D[N ITSR BACK1 F9D+ _! PA?Sr APPRECIABLY /EEP5$1 W FL[ ) GRTLYr 9CR1S$R VELOC;Y & CORRESPOND+LY 9CR1S$r EROD+ P[]4 ,Z A 3SEQU;E !YR R R Wr RAPIDLY DEEP5 _! B$S & 9 ! C\RSE ( "Tr 5TR5* !MSELVESR 9 N>R[ GORGES4 ,B ) ?r RAPID TR5*+ _! FEE#R TRIBUT>IES W 2Rr UNA# 6KEEP /EP1 & ? IS TRUE ESPECI,Y (r ^? TRIBUT>IES : FL[ ATR "R ANGLES 6!r DIREC;N (! TILT+1 = !Y REMA9 UN/EEP5$ &Rr UNA3EL]AT$4 ,9EVITABLY1 "!=E1 ! VALLEYSr ( ^! TRIBUT>IES W 2 LEFTR SUSP5D$ HIR[ GORGE4 ,Br ONLY XS L>G] TRIBUT>IES HAV] BE5 A# TOr KEEP UP ) ? TR5*+1 ! LESS] "OS1 &r ESPECI,Y ?OS] >RANG$ AT "R ANGLES 6!r DIREC;N (! TILT+1 HAV+ REMA9$ SUSP5D$Rr HI< ABV ! MA9 CANYON4RNRNR RNRNR ,T ? ISr ! TRUE EXPLAN,N (! HANG+ SIDE VALLEYS (!r UNGLACIAT$R L[] ,M]C$ ,CANYON "! C 2 N !r SLI ? EXPLAN,N APPLIES AL 6! HANG+r SIDE VALLEYS (R R R RNRNR R ,7,FIGUREr #D4;,SEC;N ACR ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY F ,ELr ,CAPITAN 6! ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS4 ,PROJECT$r ON ? SEC;N IS ANO!R DRAWN AL;G ,RI2ONr ,CREEK & ,BRIDALVEIL ,CREEK4 ,! V]TICALr & HORIZONTAL SCALES >E /RICTLY EQUAL4r ,0EXT5D+ =W>D ! PROFILE ( ,RI2ON ,CREEK1r ^: HANG+ VALLEYS 2L;G 6! UPP] SET1 "! ISr F.D A =M] LEVEL 7,A#A7 (! ,M]C$ ,RIV]2r ,A#B IS A L[] LEVEL1 9DICAT$ 0! PROFILESr ( ,9DIAN ,CREEK &! O!R HANG+ VALLEYS (!r MI4LE SET2 & ,A#C IS A / L[] LEVEL1r 9DICAT$ 0! PROFILE ( L[] #agbr ,BRIDALVEIL ,CREEK1 ^: GUL* 2L;GS 6! L[]r SET4 ,"! >E ?US 9DICAT$ ?REE SU3ESSIVEr /AGES 9 ! CUTT+ (! ,YOSEMITE *ASM:AT >Er 2LIEV$ 6BE ! LATE ,MIOC5E1 ! LATEr ,PLIOC5E1 &! E>LY ,PLEI/OC5E4 ,GLACI,Nr DID N SET 9 UNTIL AF ! ?IRD /AGE 7,A#C7r _H BE5 R1*$4 ,! DOTT$ L9ES %[ !r APPROXIMATE =M (! *ASM AT EA*r /AGE47'RRNR R R RRNR R ,FIGUREr #D4;,SEC;N ACR ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY F ,ELr ,CAPITAN 6! ,CA!DRAL ,ROCKS4r ,PROJECT$RRNR ON ? SEC;N IS ANO!R DRAWNr AL;G ,RI2ON ,CREEK & ,BRIDALVEIL ,CREEK4r ,! V]TICAL &RRNR HORIZONTAL SCALES >Er /RICTLY EQUAL4 ,0EXT5D+ =W>D ! PROFILE (r ,RI2ON ,CREEK1 :OS]RNR HANG+ VALLEYSr 2L;G 6! UPP] SET1 "! IS F.D A =M] LEVELr 7,A#A7 (! ,M]C$ ,RIV]2RRNR ,A#B IS A L[]r LEVEL1 9DICAT$ 0! PROFILES ( ,9DIANr ,CREEK &! O!R HANG+ VALLEYS (RRNR !r MI4LE SET2 & ,A#C IS A / L[] LEVEL1r 9DICAT$ 0! PROFILE ( L[] ,BRIDALVEILr ,CREEK1RRNR ^: GUL* 2L;GS 6! L[] SET4r ,"! >E ?US 9DICAT$ ?REE SU3ESSIVE /AGESr 9 !RRNR CUTT+ (! ,YOSEMITE *ASM:AT #agcr >E 2LIEV$ 6BE ! LATE ,MIOC5E1 ! LATEr ,PLIOC5E1RRNR &! E>LY ,PLEI/OC5E4r ,GLACI,N DID N SET 9 UNTIL AF ! ?IRDr /AGE 7,A#C7 _H BE5RRNR R1*$4 ,! DOTT$r L9ES %[ ! APPROXIMATE =M (! *ASM AT EA*r /AGE4R RRNRRNR R R ! PROF.DLY GLACIAT$r ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4 ,6SETTLE T "Q !r WRIT]R PLOTT$ A3URATELY 6SCALE !r L;GITUD9AL PROFILES ( ALL ^! HANG+r VALLEYS1R Z WELL Z ( ^? AL;G ! L[] ,M]C$r ,CANYON4 ,!N1 0EXT5D+ !R SMOO? CURVE (r EA* PROFILE =W>D OV] ! AXIS (! MA9r CANYON 7IN !R MANN] %[N 9 ,FIG4 #D71 HEr DET]M9$ ! =M] LEVEL (! ,M]C$ 6:I*R EA*r SIDE VALLEY _H BE5 ADJU/$4 7,( C\RSE Ar CORREC;N _H 6BE MADE 9R EA* CASE =!r ERO.N E6ECT$ 9 ! SIDE VALLEY 0/R1M ORr GLACI] S9CE ITR 0 LEFT HANG+1 B !r CORREC;NS REQUIR$ 7 Z A RULE Q SMALL &r NOTR DI6ICULT 6EVALUATE47 ,ALL ! ,Ar PO9TS1 F9,Y1 7 PLOTT$ ON A L;GITUD9ALRr PROFILE (! MA9 CANYON1 & "H IS :AT 0r F.D3RNRNR RNRNR ,"! >E 9 ! ,YOSEMITEr REGION ?REE 4T9CT SETS ( HANG+ VALLEYS1r 4POS$ AT DI6]5T LEVELS "O ABV #agdr ANO!R4 ,! VALLEYS ( ,RI2ON ,CREEK1Rr ,YOSEMITE ,CREEK1 & UPP] ,BRIDALVEILr ,CREEK 2L;G 6! UPP] SET2 ! VALLEYSR (r ,ILLIL\ETTE ,CREEK & ,9DIAN ,CREEK 2L;Gr 6! MI4LE SET2 ! GUL*ESR ( L[]r ,BRIDALVEIL ,CREEK & ,CASCADE ,CREEKr 2L;G 6! L[] SET4 ,! ,> PO9TS ( EA* SET1r MOREOV]1 >E REM>KABLY A3ORDANT AM;G !MVSr &R E/ABLI% UNMISTAKABLY A =M] PROFILE (!r MA/] /R1M4 ,"! >E ?USR ?REE S* PROFILES1r EA* 9DICAT+ A DEF9ITE /AGE 9 ! CUTT+ (!r *ASM4RNRNR RNRNR ,N[ ! MI4LE PROFILEr A3ORDS CLOSELY )! PROFILE E/ABLI%$ 0!Rr HANG+ VALLEYS 9 ! L[] ,M]C$ ,CANYON4 ,Xr FOLL[S T ! VALLEYS (R ,ILLIL\ETTE ,CREEKr & ,9DIAN ,CREEK [E _! HANG+ "* 9 ! F/Rr 9/.E 6RAPID GORGE-CUTT+ 0! ,M]C$ 9r 3SEQU;E (! LA/ ,SI]R> UPLIFT4 ,^!r VALLEYS 7 HANG+ 2F GLACI,N SET IN1 B _!r HEILI] #ager UPLIFT4 ,ONLY ! L[] SET ( VALLEYS1 ORr GUL*ES1 [ES ITSR HEI /ORY ( TWO L;G *APT]S (r GORGE-CUTT+ 0! ,M]C$ DUE 6TWO GRTRr UPLIFTS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 FOLL[$ 0Ar *APT] ( GLACI,N4R RNRNR RNRNR ,! DEP? (!r ,YOSEMITE AT EA* /AGE 2+ "KN1 X IS Nr DI6ICULT TOR DRAW XS APPROXIMATEr CROSS-SEC;N = EA* /AGE 7,FIG4 #D71 & TOr DET]M9E ITSR REL,NS 6! SURR.D+ C.TRY4 ,9r ? 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E6ECTSr ( NIV,N4R ,XS SIDES >E ROCK-/REWN "?\T1r & AL UNFURR[$ 0/R1M-WORNR RAV9ES4r ,N"E!.S1 ^! FACTS AL"O _C 2 A3EPT$ Zr ABSOLUTE PRO(R ( XS NON-GLACI,N1 = X ISr 3CEIVA# T ! LL VALLEY 0 GLACIAT$ ATR A Vr E>LY DATE 9 ! ,ICE ,AGESO L;G AGO T !r NIV,N PROCESS HAS S9C] _H "T 6OBLIT]ATEr ALL TRACES ( ICE WE>4 ,AT L1/ ?REE1 &r POSSIBLY F\RR EPO*#E ( GLACI,N H BE5r RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 &! E>LIE/Rr ( ^! O3URR$ PRESUMABLY N LESS ?AN HALF Ar MILLION YE>S AGO4 ,S* A SPANR ( "T MI5TLYR R R R NO L;G]r FUNC;NAL1 AT ! BOTTOM (! ,V4 ,^! FACTSr 3/ITUTE ALMO/R IRREFUTA# PRO( (r NON-GLACI,N1 = EV5 MOD]ATE GLACIAL AC;Nr WD HAV] SU6IC$1 3SID]+ ! JO9T$ /RUCTUREr (! GRANITE ( ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/1 TOR REMODELr ! VALLEY 96A FAIRLY SMOO? ;,U-%APE & TOr WIPE ! C5TRAL /R1M-*ANNEL \ ( EXI/;E2 &r NO AM.T ( NIV,N WD H TRANS=M$ > GLACIALr ;,U-%APE BACK 6A ;,V-%APE1 OR WD Hr PRODUC$ A NEW C5TRAL *ANNEL4 ,XS 4T9CTr ;,V-%APE1 "!=E1 TGR ) XS NIVAT$ ASPECT1r PROVES 3CLUSIVELY T ! LL VALLEY ONr ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ HAS REMA9$r UNGLACIAT$4RNRNR RNRNR ,P]H X W SEEM Zr ?\< ? 3CLU.N _H BE5 R1*$ ) NE$.S CAU;N2r B X IS 6BE BORNE 9 M9D T A HOLL[ F1TUREr S* Z A VALLEYR IS 9H]5TLY WELL-ADAPT$ =!r CAT*;T ( L>GE QUANTITIES ( SN[ &R =!r G5],N (A GLACI]M* BETT] ADAPT$ ?AN Ar TABUL> OR 3VEXR RRNRRNR RNRNR RNRNR Rr ,ANCI5T L&SCAPE ON ,NOR? ,P1K1 ,M.T ,3;Sr 9 "R BACKGR.D4 ,TAK5 F ! TOPRRNR (!r AVALAN*E *UTE AT ! H1D ( ,LL ,LO/ #bjhr ,VALLEY4 ,! NIVAT$ SLOPE ( ,NOR?r ,P1KRRNR 3TRA/S /RIK+LY )! GLACIALr SCULPTURE R.DAB4 ,0,ALFR$ ,DOL]RNR Rr RRNR R RRNR R ,7,ANCI5T L&SCAPE ON ,NOR?r ,P1K1 ,M.T ,3;S 9 "R BACKGR.D4 ,TAK5 F !r TOP (! AVALAN*E *UTE AT ! H1D ( ,LL ,LO/r ,VALLEY4 ,! NIVAT$ SLOPE ( ,NOR? ,P1Kr 3TRA/S /RIK+LY )! GLACIAL SCULPTUREr R.DAB4 ,0,ALFR$ ,DOLE7'R RRNRRNR R R R Rr SUMMIT4 ,! NON-GLACI,N (! LL VALLEY ONr ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ "!=] SEEM$ R UNEXPECT$1 &r X CALL$ = "PICUL>LY 3V9C+ PRO(4RNRNRr RNRNR ,S* PRO( HAV+ BE5 F.D1 "! OP5S ATr ONCE A NEW VI/A ( ?"\ ONR ! SUBJECT (!r NON-GLACI,N (! HI< TABUL> SUMMITS (!r ,SI]R> ,NEVADA 9 G5]AL4 ,ALL ! TABUL>r SUMMITS ,I H BE5 A# 6EXAM9E BE>R !r E>M>KS ( PROL;G$ NIV,N1 YETr CORROBORATIVE EVID;E ( _! NON-GLACI,N ISr N 9 E 9/.E AF=D$ 0_! TOPOGRAPHY4 ,H["E1r IF !R VALLEY ON ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ HASr DEF9ITELY ESCAP$ GLACI,N1 !N ! PRESUMP;Nr IS ALL ! /R;G] T ^! TABUL> SUMMITSOR ATr L1/ A L>GE PROPOR;N ( !MHAVE ESCAP$r GLACI,N AL4RNRNR RNRNR ,N[1 ^! #bjir SUMMITS1 M>K Y1 >E SITUAT$ 9 ! HIGE CIRQUES Tr =M]LYR HELD GLACI]S A ?\S& 6FIFTE5r HUNDR$ FEET 9 ?ICK;S1 & X FRONTS ONRr ,VIRG9IA ,CANYON1 : 0 ! PA?WAY (A TRUNKr GLACI] F\RTE5 MILES 9R L5G? & #BJJJ FEETr 9 ?ICK;S4 ,! UNGLACIAT$ SLOPE ON ,NOR?r ,P1K &R ! G5TLY SLOP+ PLAT=M 6! S\?EA/ (r ,M.T ,3;S >E BO? LIT],Y SURR.D$ 0DEEPr CIRQUES T S5T =? GD-SIZ$ ICE-/R1MS4 ,!Rr SAME IS TRUE (! LEVEL TOP ( ,:ITEr ,M.TA91 (! ,DANA ,PLAT1U1 ( !R TABUL>r SUMMITS ( ,M.T ,GI2S1 ,KUNA1 ,KOIP1 &r ,BLACKTOP P1KS1 &R AM;G/ _M O!RS F>!Rr S\?1 ( ,M.T ,D>W9 & ,M.T ,:ITNEY4R ,H[r !N1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 DOES X HAPP5 T ALL ^!r HI<-LEVEL TRACTS HAV] ESCAP$ ! H1VY H& (r ! ICE : WR"\ DE/RUC;N ALL >.D !M8RNRNRr RNRNR ,"O R1SON R1DILY SU7E/S XF F !r FACT T !Y >E ALL S ORI5T$R Z 6BE EXPOS$r 6! H1T (! MID"D SUN Z WELL Z 6! #bajr S\?WE/]LYR W9DS:I* >E ! PREVAIL+ W9DS 9r ! ,HI< ,SI]RA1 Z IS S ELOQU5TLYR ATTE/$r 0! ASYMMETRIC & EV5 RECUMB5T =MS (!r TIMB]L9E TREES4R ,"EY"O (! TABUL>r SUMMITS & SLOPES 2F M5;N$ IS 9CL9$ 6!Rr S\?WE/1 ! WE/1 OR ! S\?4 ,EV5 ! LLr VALLEY ON ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/1R AL? XS AXISr TR5DS NOR?WE/W>D1 HAS 9 ! MA9 S\?WE/]LYr EXPOSURE1R =! R[ ( P9NACLES ON XS S\!RNr $GE IS TOO L[ 6CR1TE A W9D %AD[R ( ANYr 3SEQU;E4 ,MOREOV]1 ANY WE/]LYr AIR-CURR5TS T 5T] ! LLR VALLEY AT XS LIPr M/ 9 "P 2 DEFLECT$ 0! HI< NOR!RN CRE/ Sr Z 6TURNR DIRECTLY UP ! VALLEY4RNRNRr RNRNR ,N[1 X IS A FACT ( OBS]V,N T !r S\?WE/]LY W9DS BL[ ! BULKR R R (! SN[1r :ILE X IS / 9 A P[D]Y /ATE1 F ! EXPOS$r SLOPES UP OV]R ! M.TA9 CRE/S1 & FL+ X 9r GRT BANN]S1 Z ,MUIR APTLY CALL$ !M1R \r 6! NOR?EA/1 6LET X SWIRL D[N AT LA/ 9 !r %ELT]$ VALLEY 2L4R ,:AT"E SN[DRIFTSr REMA9 UNT\*$ 0! W9D >E LAT] 3SUM$ 0!Rr RAYS (! SUN1 & S T[>D MIDSUMM] ALLr S\?WE/]LY & S\!RLYR M.TA9 SIDES >E :OLLYr B>$1 ":AS ! NOR?EA/]LY & NOR!RLY #baar SIDESR >E / G5]\SLY FLECK$ ) SN[1 & 9 "Sr PLACES EV5 RETA9 P]5NIALR ICEr BODIES4RNRNR RNRNR ,9 AN >TICLE : HEr PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BULLET91 Zr WELL Z 9 !R ,J\RNAL ( ,GEOLOGY1 ! LATEr ,DR4 ,G4 ,K4 ,GILB]T#F PO9T$ \ T DUR+ !Rr ,ICE ,AGE ? M>K$LY UNEQUAL 4TRIBU;N (r SN[1 DUE 6! -B9$ AC;NR ( W9D & SUN1 M/ Hr T5D$ 6M9IMIZE GLACIAL AC;N ON !r S\?WE/]LYR & S\!RLY SIDES (! M.TA9 CRE/Sr & 69T5SIFY X ON _! NOR?EA/]LYR & NOR!RLYr SIDES4 ,Z A 3SEQU;E1 _M ( ^! CRE/S >Er N[R DECID$LY ASYMMETRIC 9 =M1 _!r S\?WE/]LY & S\!RLY SIDES SLOP+R ATr MOD]ATE ANGLES1 & _! NOR?EA/]LY &r NOR!RLY SIDES 2+ V]YR ABRUPT1 9 "P -POS$r ( UNSCALA# CLI6S4 ,DR4 ,GILB]T SAW1r FUR!RMORE1R T ? ASYMMETRY 2COMES Mr PRON\NC$ T[>D ! L[] LEVELS ( !R ,HID ! UPP] LEVELS (! ,HI SUMMIT P1KS1 ": !R 3TRA/ AGr IS 2T 9T5SE GLACI,N1 ON ! "O H&1 &r -PLETE NON-GLACI,N1 ON ! O!R4RNRNR RNRNRr ,?REE CIRCUM/.ES A3.T =! NON-GLACI,N (!r TABUL> SUMMITR P1KS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA &!r LL VALLEY ON ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/3 ,F/1 !Rr S\?WE/]LY W9DS ATTA9 M* GRT] VELOC;Y &r SWEEP+ P[] AT !R CRE/ (! RANGE ?AN ATr L[] LEVELS ON XS WE/ SLOPE2 SECOND1 2C (r !R R R COLD &! DRY;S (! AIR AT ! HI<]r ALTITUDES1 ! SN[ "! REMA9SR L;G] 9 Ar P[D]Y /ATE & SUSCEPTI# ( 2+ %IFT$ AB 0!r W9D2R & ?IRD1 LESS SN[ FALLS 9 ! W9T] ONr ! MA9 SUMMIT P1KS ?AN AT LEVELSR #BJJJr 6#CJJJ FEET L[] D[N4 ,! LA/ /ATE;T1 X ISr TRUE1 IS N SUPPORT$ BYR ACTUAL #bacr M1SURE;TS ( SN[ AT DI6]5T ELEV,NS ON !r WE/ SLOPE1 B X MAYR R R RNRNR R ,7,ONr EXTREME SUMMIT P1KS4 ,S\?WE/ SIDE NIVAT$r ONLY4 ,EXAMPLE1 ,DANA ,PLAT1U ,HALFWAYr UP 9 ,HI< ,SI]RA4 ,BO? SIDES GLACIAT$1 Br S\?WE/ SIDE ONLY MOD]ATELY4 ,EXAMPLE1r ,M.T ,H(FMANN4 ,AT L[] LEVEL ( GLACI]r G5],N4 ,S\?WE/ SIDE UNGLACIAT$4r ,EXAMPLE1 ,HORSE ,RIDGE1 NE> ,O/R&]r ,LAKE4 ,FIGURE #AA4;,PROFILES (r ASYMMETRIC CRE/S 9 ,SI]RA ,NEVADA47'RRNRr R RRNR R ,FIGURE #AA4;,PROFILES (r ASYMMETRIC CRE/S 9RRNR ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4Rr RRNRRNR R SAFELY 2 9F]R$ F ! FACT T !r CL\DS : BL[ 9 F ! ,PACIFICR ,OC1N 4*>GEr ! BULK ( _! SN[ APPROXIMATELY AT ! LEVELr AT : !YR /RIKE ! *ILL+ BODY (! RANG1Tr ALTITUDES 2T #HJJJ & #AA1JJJ FEET#.G;Rr ,?;E UPW>D !Y 9EVITABLY 4*>GE DIM9I%+r QUANTITIES Z !Y RIS] T[>D ! SUMMIT4 ,9r ^! RESPECTS ! 3DI;NS 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADAr >] ANALOG\S 6^? T OBTA9 9 _M O!R M.TA9r RANGES ( GRT HEI SUMMIT P1KS !N RCVD PROPOR;NATELYr LESS SN[ ?AN N[1R & ROSE 96REGIONS (r RELATIVE >ID;Y4 ,9 T W9TRY EPO* TOO1 NOr D\BT1 !R S\?WE/]LY W9DS W5T RO>+ OV] !r CRE/ (! RANGE ) GRT] FURYR ?AN AT !r PRES5T "T1 & S1 = BO? ( ^! R1SONS1 !r 3DI;NS W]] PECULI>LY FAVORA# =!r NON-GLACI,N (! HI<] W9D-SWEPT SLOPES4Rr ,P>ADOXICAL ?\< X MAY S.D1 !N1 X IS 2C (r _! GRT HEI SUMMIT P1KS &!r LL VALLEY ON ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ HAV] REMA9$r UNGLACIAT$4RNRNR RNRNR ,REMA9S ! "Q3 ,H[r OLD IS ! LL VALLEY ON ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/8r ,OR1R M G5],Y1 H[ OLD IS ! ANCI5Tr L&SCAPE ( : X &! NUM]\SR TABUL>r SUMMIT-TRACTS 9 ! ,HI< ,SI]RA >E !r REMNANTS8 ,IS X POSSI# TOR DET]M9E XSr AGE 9 ANY WAY8 ,YES1 X IS POSSI#1 #baer ?\< ONLY R\?Sr CRU/ T LIES TILT$ 6! S\?WE/1 S T XSr EA/]NR $GE =MS ! CRE/ L9E & XS WE/]N $GEr LIES DEEPLY BURI$ 2N !R S$I;TS 9 ! GRTr VALLEY ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,? GRT E>?-BLOCKr GA9$ ITSR TILT$ ATTITUDE N AT "O B.D Br 0SU3ESSIVE HOI/S SEP>AT$ 0L;GR 9T]VALS (r RELATIVE /ABIL;Y9T]VALS 6BE RECKON$ 9r MILLIONS ( YE>S4R ,) EA* UPLIFT ! /R1MSr C\RS+ D[N XS WE/ SLOPE 7 TREM5D\SLYRr A3EL]AT$ & 9TR5*$ !MVS 9 N>R[ /EEP-SID$r CANYONS4 ,DUR+R EA* 9T]VAL ( REPOSE _!r D[NW>D CUTT+ SLACK5$1 ! CANYONS WID5$R \r 6VALLEYS 0! W1!R+ & ERO.N ( _! SIDES1 !r TRIBUT>Y /R1MSR CUT RAMIFY+ VALLEYS1 &r "! 0 DEVELOP$ A L&SCAPE OR ERO.N SURFAC]r )A TOPOGRAPHY ( XS [N4 ,NATUR,Y !r CANYONS & VALLEYS ( EA* NEWR CYCLE (r /R1M ACTIV;Y 7 CUT 96! TOPOGRAPHIC =MSr LEFT 0! PREC$+ CYCLE1 & S EA* NEWr L&SCAPE 0 DEVELOP$ AT ! EXP5SE ( !Rr PREVI\S "O4RNRNR RNRNR ,ON ! WE/ SLOPE (r ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA "! C 2 4T+UI%$ #bafr F\R SETSR ( TOPOGRAPHIC =MS RECORD+ ! "Wr ( Z _M CYCLES ( /R1M ERO.N4R ,! NEWE/r =MS >E ! N>R[ ;,V-%AP$ CANYONS 9 : ! MA9r /R1MSR R R N[ FL[4 ,!Y 7 C>V$ 9 3SEQU;Er (! LA/ UPTILT+ (! ,SI]R> ,BLOCK1 :r O3URR$ PROBABLY E>LY 9 ! ,PLEI/OC5Er EPO*#.H ,LESS ?AN > MILLION YE>S OLD1 !Yr >E / 2+ ACTIVELY DEEP5$ 0! /R1MS &Rr REMA9 Y\?;L 9 ASPECT4RNRNR RNRNR ,6Ar CLOSE OBS]V] X IS PAT5T T ^! ,PLEI/OC5Er CANYONS 7 CUT 9TOR ! BROAD FLOORS (r MATURE VALLEYS ( AN E>LI] CYCLE4 ,! ,BIGr ,M1D[ FLAT1R : LIES M ?AN #BJJJ FEET ABVr ! ,M]C$ ,RIV] AT ,EL ,PORTAL1 IS Ar REMNANTR ( S* AN OLD] VALLEY4 ,! G5TLYr SLOP+ PLAT=M AB ,TURTLEBACK ,DOME1R OV]r : ! NEW HIE PL5TI;L AL AL;G !r O!R CANYONS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 NOTABLYr AL;GR ^? (! ,/ANISLAUS & ,SAN ,JOAQU94r ,^! OLD] VALLEYS1 : ATTA9 GRTR BR1D? ONr ! L[] SLOPE (! RANGE1 >E ! PRODUCTS (Ar M* L;G] CYCL] ( ERO.NA CYCLE T #bagr -PRIS$ PROBABLY ALL (! ,PLIOC5Er EPO*4RNRNR RNRNR ,BIG ,M1D[1 ,TURTLEBACKr ,DOME1 &! ,ILLIL\ETTE ,VALLEY 9 _! TURNr LI] #BJJJ 6#BEJJ FEET 2L ! G5]AL LEVEL (r ! LL VALLEYS ON ! UPL&S ?ATR FLANK !r ,YOSEMITE4 ,^! BILL[Y UPL&S >E1 9DE$1r POR;NS (A / E>LI]R L&SCAPEA L&SCAPE T 0r PRODUC$ DUR+ A V L;G CYCLE ( ERO.NRr -PRIS+ MO/ (! ,MIOC5E EPO* & PROBABLYr L>GE "PS (! PREC$+R ,OLIGOC5E EPO*4 ,XSr AGE _C 2 DET]M9$ 9 ! ,YOSEMITE REGION =r WANTR ( TELLTALE FOSSILS1 B X IS 9DICAT$r Z PROBABLY LATE ,MIOC5E 0FOSSILS F.DRr NE> ! OLD M9+ T[N ( ,COLUMBIA1 NOR? (!r ,TUOLUMNE ,TA# ,M.TA94RNRNR RNRNR ,HIE F.D ! G5TLYR SLOP+1r TABUL> REMNANTS (! ANCI5T L&SCAPE 6: !r LL VALLEY ONR ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ 2L;GS4 ,!r AGE ( ? L&SCAPE IS 9DICAT$r APPROXIMATELYR 0! FACT T 9 ! #bahr NOR!RN "PS (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA REMNANTS (r X LI] #AJJJ 6NE>LY #BJJJ FEET ABV !r FOSSIL /R1M-B$S T 3TA9 ! E>LI]Rr GOLD-BE>+ GRAVEL4 ,^! /R1M-B$S1 : 7r PRES]V$ 0MASSES (R 9DURAT$ VOLCANIC A%r 7RHYOLITE TUFF71 H YIELD$ FOSSIL PLANTr REMA9S (R MI4LE ,EOC5E AGE4 ,X FOLL[S Tr ! ANCI5T L&SCAPE 9 "Q GOES BACKR AT L1/r 6E>LY ,EOC5E1 POSSIBLY1 EV51 6LATEr ,CRETACE\S "T4RNRNR RNRNR ,T ANY "PS (Ar L&SCAPE S ANCI5T CD REMA9 PRES]V$ 9r EXPOS$R R R R M.TA9TOPS MAY AT F/ SEEMr 9CR$I#4 ,YET 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA ! FACTr ISR H>DLY OP5 6D\BT4 ,?REE CIRCUM/.ES1 Xr WD APPE>1 H OP]AT$ TOR PRES]VE ^? BITS (r ! E>LY ,EOC5E L&SCAPE T =M ! TABUL>r SUMMITSR (! HIEr MADE2 ! POSI;N ( ^? P1KS AT ! EXTREMEr H1DSR (! RIV]S1 ": ! /R1MS >E SMALLE/ &r H ! L1/ CUTT+ P[]2R & _! -PLETE EXEMP;Nr F GLACIAL ERO.N4 ,( C\RSE1 X IS N 3T5D$Rr T ^! RESIDUAL SUMMIT TRACTS H SU6]$ NOr DEGRAD,N :AT"E S9C] E>LY ,EOC5E "T2 B !r FACT IS /RESS$ T !Y H SU6]$ B V]YR #bair LL *ANGE Z -P>$ )! DEEP CANYONS T SURR.Dr !MSO LL1R T !Y RETA9 ! G5TLE SLOPES &r R.D$ 3T\RS T 7 IM"P$ TOR !M :5 ! ,SI]RAr REGION / 0 A L& ( MOD]ATE ELEV,N4RNRNRr RNRNR ,( ALL ! ANCI5T SUMMIT-TRACTS 9 !r ,HI< ,SI]RA1 C]TA9LY ! LL VALLEYR ONr ,%EPH]DS ,CRE/ SEEMS MO/ REM>KA#2 =Ar VALLEY1 2+ ! PA?WAY (R A /R1M1 ISr 9H]5TLY M LIKELY 6BE CUT AWAY DUR+ !r UPLIFT (A M.TA9 RANGE ?AN IS A RIDGE ORr A SUMMIT4 ,ONLY "S SPECIAL CIRCUM/.E CDRr H SAV$ X4 ,P]H ! /R1MLET ON ,%EPH]DSr ,CRE/ 0 UNA# 6-PET] ) XS NEIATE ! P9NACLES ( !R S\? CRE/ F "Or ANO!R4 ,AG1 ! LL VALLEY SEEMS REM>KA#r 2CAUS] X HAS ESCAP$ GLACI,N1 AL? VALLEYSr 9H]5TLY AF=D GD SITES =R GLACI]S4 ,&1r F9,Y1 6A /UD5T (! ,HI< ,SI]RA X SEEMSr "PICUL>LYR PRECI\S 2C XS NON-GLACI,N1 Sr WELL ATTE/$ 0XS =M1 3FIRMS !Rr NON-GLACI,N ( _M (! L(TY TABUL> SUMMITSr (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4RNRNR RNRN R ,REPR9T$r F ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BULLET91 #AICC1 #bbjr PAGES #FH-HJ4;RNRNR RNRNR #A;,!r TOPOGRAPHIC F1TURES REF]R$ 6IN ? ESSAYr >E 9 ! H1DWAT]S >EA (! ,TUOLUMN] ,RIV]4r ,SEE ! TOPOGRAPHIC MAP ( ,YOSEMITEr ,N,NAL ,P>K4,$4RNRNR RNRNR #B;,MIY (R M.TA9 T]MS1 9r PLACE (! ALI5 & (T5 MISPRON\NC$ >ETE1r ?US L1D+ ! WAY1 P]H1R 6! EXPUL.N ( T]RI#r B]GS*RUNDS & FANCI;L RO*ES M\TONNEES8,F4r ,E4 ,M4RNRNR R RNRNR #C;,MAT!S1 ,F4 ,E4r ,GLACIAL SCULPTURE 9 ! ,BIGHORN ,M.TA9S1r ,WYOM+3 ,U4 ,S4 ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY1Rr #BA/ ,ANNUAL ,REPORT1 "P #B1 #AIJJ1 PP4r #AFG-AIJ4;RNRNR R RNRNR #D;,SOIL FL[ ISr RELATIVELY R>E ON ! GRANITIC P1KS (!r ,SI]RA ,NEVADA1 B EVID;ES ( X W]] OBS]V$r LA/ SUMM] ON ! ,DANA ,PLAT1U4 ,BO? NIV,Nr & SOIL FL[ >E -MON PH5OM5A 9R ,ALASKA1 &r !Y O3UR ON A L>GE SCALE 9 NOR!RNr ,GRE5L&1 ":1 9 SPITE (! HI< LATITUDE1r NOR GLACI]S "E EXI/$4RNRNR R RNRNRr #E;,BLACKWELD]1 ,ELIOT4 ,PLEI/OC5Er GLACI,N 9 ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA & ,BAS9r ,RANGES3 ,GEOLOGICALR ,SOCIETY ( #bbar ,AM]ICA ,BULL41 VOL4 #DB1 #AICA1 PP4r #HFE-IBB4;RNRNRNRNR R ,MAT!S1 ,F4 ,E4r ,GEOLOGIC HI/ORY (! ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY3r ,U4 ,S4 ,GEOL4 ,SURVEY ,PROF4 ,PAP]r #AFJ1 #AICJ4;RNRNR RNRNR #F;,GILB]T1 ,G4r ,K4 ,SY/EMATIC ASYMMETRY ( CRE/ L9ES 9 !r ,HI< ,SI]RA ( ,CALI=NIA3R ,J\RNAL (r ,GEOLOGY1 VOL4 XII1 NO4 #G1 #AIJD1 PP4r #EGIEHH2 ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BULLET91 VOL4 V1r #AIJE1 PP4 #BGIBHF4;RNRNR R RNRNR #G;,^!r FIGURES >E =! 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BULK (!r ,T5AYA ,GLACI]1 : 0 TRIBUT>YR 6!r ,YOSEMITE ,GLACI]4 ,SMALL] \TFL[S TOOKr PLACE S\?WE/W>D1 OV] !R ,TUOLUMNE ,PASS1r S\?EA/W>D OV] ! ,DONOHUE ,PASS1 EA/W>Dr OV] !R ,MONO ,PASS 796,BLOODY ,CANYON71r & NOR?EA/W>D OV] ! ,TIOGA ,PASS4RNRNRr RNRNR ,Z A RESULT ( XS GLACIAL HI/ORY !r ,UPP] ,TUOLUMNE ,BAS9 IS REPLETE #bbdr )R R R F1TURES ( UNUSUAL 9T]E/4 ,ON !r ROCK FLOOR1 : IS EXPOS$ 6VIEW 9 _MRr PLACES 7NOTABLY AL;G ! L[] C\RSE (!r ,DANA ,=K71 GROOVES & /RIA] PRODUC$ BYr B\LD]S & SMALL] ROCK FRAG;TS T 7 DRA7$r 0! ICE1R >E ABUNDANT4 ,OV] L>GE >1S !r GRANITE / GL1MS ) GLACI] POLI%1R IM"P$r 6X 0! SC\R+ (! F9E ROCK P[D] C>RI$ 0!r GLACI]S4R ,B\LD]S & BLOCKS1 L>GE &r SMALL1 TORN F ! M.TA9 SIDES & DROPP$R 0!r ICE1 Z X MELT$1 >E /REWN AB "H & "!2 &r MORA9ES OR RIDGESR ( ROCK DEBRIS Tr A3UMULAT$ AL;G ! M>G9S (! GLACI]S O3URr 9R P>ALLEL S]IES AT ! $GES (! BAS94RNRNRr RNRNR ,( PECULI> 9T]E/ >E ^? ROCKY KNOBSr T 7 OV]RI45 0!R GLACI]S1 WORN SMOO? &r R.D$ ON _! 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SIDE (r ,M.TR ,LYELL4 ,X IS -MONLY "KN Z !r ,LYELL ,GLACI]1 B X 3SI/S 9 R1L;Y ( TWORr GLACI]S SEP>AT$ 0A ROCKY SPUR4 ,!Y #bbgr MI!Rr WE/1 ON ! NOR? SIDE ( ,M.T ,MACLURE1 ISr !R ,MACLURE ,GLACI]1 A S+LE1 SIMPLE ICEr T;GUE1 TAP]+ D[NW>D 6A BLUNT PO9T1R &r 5CLOS$ 0A MASSIVE MORA9E LOOP4 ,2L !r LOOP IS A PICTURESQUE LAKELETR Tr REFLECTS ! GLACI] &! T[]+ P1K ABV4RNRNRr RNRNR ,5TIRELY DI6]5T 9 "* IS ! ,DANAr ,GLACI]1 : O3UPIES A DEEPR CIRQUE ON !r NOR? SIDE ( ,M.T ,DANA4 ,X IS M* BROAD]r ?AN L;G1 &1R CURI\SLY1 LIES1 N AT ! H1Dr (! CIRQUE1 : OP5S T[>DS ! NOR?WE/1R Br AG/ XS %ADY S\? WALL1 ,A MORA9E LOOP (r GRT HEIG] & ?ICK] ?AN ITRr IS AT PRES5T4 ,! GRT VOLUME ( MORA9ALr MAT]IAL IS A3.T$ = 0!R FACT T ! ANCI5Tr VOLCANIC ROCKS ( : ,M.T ,DANA IS L>GELYr MADE BR1KR UP R R1DILY "U ! REP1T$ #bbhr ATTACKS ( FRO/MORE R1DILY ?AN !Rr RELATIVELY MASSIVE GRANITES T PREVAILr "?\T ! ,HI< ,SI]RA4RNRNR RNRNR ,TWOr SMALL GLACI]S LIE TUCK$ AWAY "U ! 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HUMMOCKY DIVIDE T SEP>ATES ! ,TUOLUMNEr ,BAS9 F ! ,T5AYA ,BAS94 ,X 0 A FL[ F\Rr MILES WIDE1R 2T ,CA!DRAL ,P1K &r ,TUOLUMNE ,P1K4 ,? ICE FL[ 9VAD$ !r ,T5AY> ,BAS91 ": XS VOLUME 0 AUG;T$ BYr LOCAL ICE /R1MS T ISSU$ FROMR CIRQUES ONr ,CA!DRAL & ,T5AYA P1KS1 ,SUNRISE ,M.TA91r & ,MT4 ,H(FMANN4RNRNR RNRNR ,S ABUNDANTr 0 ! ICE 9 ! BAS9 T ! \TFL[+ ,T5AYAr ,GLACI]1R AL? #BEJJ FEET ?ICK1 0 UNA# TOr DRAW (F ALL ( X1 & Z A 3SEQU;ER A BROADr ICE %EET SPR1D OV] ! RU7$ UPL& NOR? (r ,T5AYA ,CANYON1 ASR F> WE/ Z ,PORCUP9Er ,FLAT4 ,EV5 ,M.T ,WATK9S1 : Z #bcgr VIEW$ F ,MIRRORR ,LAKE SEEMS L ANO!R ,ELr ,CAPITAN1 0 -PLETELY OV]:ELM$4 ,? FACTRr IS ATTE/$ 0S"EAL HUGE ICE-BORNE B\LD]S Tr LIE ON XS BALD1 R.D$R SUMMIT 7:1 0! WAY1r IS EASILY A3ESSI# & WELL WOR?Y (Ar VISIT74RNRNR RNRNR ,9 ! C5TRAL POR;N (!r ,T5AYA ,BAS9 ! EROD+ AC;N (! IC] 0 MO/r VIGOR\S1 & "!1 3SEQU5TLY1 ONLY A SPR9KL+r ( B\LD]S WASR LEFT ON ! ROCK FLOORS2 Br AT ! M>G9S ! ROCK DEBRIS 0 PIL$ UP 9Rr RIDGES OR MORA9ES4 ,^! >E MO/ NUM]\S ONr ! S\? SIDE (! BAS91R ": ! ,=SY? ,TRAILr -ES D[N4 ,!Y EXT5D APPROXIMATELY P>ALLELr TOR "O ANO!R1 9 3C5TRIC CURVES4RNRNR R Rr RNRNR ,NATUR,Y ! ,T5AYA ,BAS9 EXHIBITS 9r PRACTIC,Y ALL XS F1TURES !R E6ECTS (!r 9T5SE EROSIVE AC;N (! ANCI5T ICE FLOODS4r ,T5AYA ,LAKE1 ITSR C5TRAL F1TURE1r O3UPIES A HOLL[ T 0 LIT],Y G\G$ \ 9 XSr ROCKR FLOOR4 ,! LAKE HAS A S.D$ DEP? (r #AAD FEET4 ,N ALL ? DEP? IS 62R A3R$IT$r 6GLACIAL EXCAV,N1 H["E1 = AT XS L[] 5D !r LAKE ISR 5CLOS$ 0GLACIAL & /R1M-BORNEr ROCK DEBRIS ( UN"KN ?ICK;S4 ,9 ?ATRr RRNRRNR RNRNR R R ,T5AYA ,LAKE1 #bchr ,YOSEMITE4 ,0,ANSEL ,ADAMSRRNR R RRNRr ,7,T5AYA ,LAKE1 ,YOSEMITE4 ,0,ANSELr ,ADAMS7'R RRNRRNR R R R RESPECT ,T5AYAr ,LAKE IS CLOSELY ANALAG\S 6! M* L>G]r BODY ( WAT]R : AT ! 5D (! ,ICE ,AGEr FILL$ ! BOTTOM (! ,YOSEMITE ,VALLEY4r ,ANCI5TR ,LAKE ,YOSEMITE LAY 9 A GLACI,Yr EXCAVAT$ ROCK BAS9 FIVE &A HALF MILESRr L;G1 B XS \TLET 0 ACR A MORA9E : RAIS$ !r LEVEL (! WAT]R "S:AT4 ,ANCI5T ,LAKEr ,YOSEMITE HAS L;G S9CE BE5 FILL$ )r GRAVEL &R S& DUMP$ 96X 0! ,M]C$ ,RIV] &r ,T5AYA ,CREEK1 & IS N[R REPLAC$ 0A LEVELr FLOOR! B1UTI;L P>KLIKE TRACT ON : MO/ (r !R T\RI/ CAMPS >E PIT*$4 ,T5AYA ,LAKEr LIKEWISE W 2 FILL$ "S "D1 BUTR T "T IS /r F> (F1 =! ONLY TWO /R1MLETS T 5T] X C>RYr BUTR LL S&4RNRNR RNRNR ,! FILL+ ISr A3OMPLI%$ N 0! SETTL+ ( S$I;T 9 LAY]Sr OV]R ! 5TIRE LAKE BOTTOM1 B 0! =W>D GR[?r (! DELTAS : !R /R1MLETS >E BUILD+ AT _!r M\?S4 ,! EXT5T 6: ^! DELTAS ALR1DYR Hr 5CROA*$ ^U ! LAKE IS %[N 0! /RET*ES ( L[r S&Y GR.DR COV]$ ) WILL[S & P9ES AT !r M\?S (! /R1MS4 ,S EXTREMELYR SL[ #bcir IS ! RATE ( ADV.E (! DELTA T ! WAVESr /IRR$ UP 0! DAILYR S\?WE/ W9DS H NOr DI6ICULTY 9 KEEP+ XS FRONT TRIMM$ 6Ar SMOO?R CURVE4RNRNR RNRNR ,AT ! ,FOOT (r ,T5AYA ,LAKE IS A F1TURE (A RELATIVELYr R>E TYPE ?ATR DES]VES A ^W ( EXPLAN,N4r ,! %ORE "! IS RAIS$ 6! =M (A L[1Rr HUMMOCKY RIDGE CR[N$ ) GLACIAL B\LD]S4r ,? RIDGE IS ONLY F ON] FOOT 6?REE FEETr HI< ABV ! LEVEL L& IMMLY BACK ( X1 & ISr SOR UNOBTRUSIVE T X MI HUMMOCKY RIDGES O3URRr AL;G ! %ORES (A NUMB] ( O!R LAKES 9 !r ,HI< ,SI]RANOTABLY ,IREL&R ,LAKE& AL (r _M LAKES 9 ,WISCONS9 & ,M9NESOTA4 ,=Ar L;G "TR ! ORIG9 ( S* RIDGES 0 9 D\BT1 Br X IS N[ "KN F ACTUAL OBS]V,N T !Y >Er BUILT ( MAT]IAL T IS LIT],Y %OV$ \ (!r LAKES BYR ! ICE T =MS ON !M 9 W9T]4 ,^!r RIDGES >E "!=E APPROPRIATELYR "KN Z ICEr RAM"PS4RNRNR RNRNR ,AN ICE RAM"P IS =M$1r 9 BRIEF1 Z FOLL[S4 ,! ICE T FREEZES ON Ar LAKE1R AL? SEEM+LY 9]T & UN*ANG+1 9r R1L;Y 3TRACTS & EXP&SR APPRECIABLY )r V>I,NS 9 ! DAILY TEMP]ATURE4 ,DUR+ #bdjr A COLD SPELL1 )R TEMP]ATURES WELL 2Lr Z]O1 ! ICE 3TRACTS %>PLY1 & IF X C Nr PULLR AWAY F ! %ORE 2COMES R5T 0OP5r FISSURES4 ,WAT] AT ONCE FILLS !S]r FISSURES &1 ^U -+ 963TACT )! COLD AIR1r FREEZES 9 !M1 "!BYR REUNIT+ ! %EET1 : N[r FITS SNUGLY 9 ! LAKE BAS94 ,)! NEXT W>MRr R R SPELL ! ICE AG EXP&S & Z A 3SEQU;E Xr PU%ES ) GRT =CER AG/ ! %ORES4 ,EI ! ICEr BR1KS A %ORT 4T.E F %ORE & PILESR UP 9 Ar PRESSURE RIDGE1 OR XS M>G9AL POR;N ISr %OV$ BODILY UP ON ! L&1R C>RY+ ) X !r ROCKS & MUD T >E FROZ5 9 X4 ,! LATT]r AC;N MAYR 2 REP1T$ S"EAL "TS DUR+ Ar W9T]1 & S 9 ! C\RSE ( "T !R LAKE BOTTOMr = "S 4T.E \ F ! %ORE IS CLE>$ & SMOO!D1r &R ! MAT]IAL %OV$ UP ON ! %ORE IS PIL$r TGR 9 A L[1 JUM#D RIDGE4R ,! TREM5D\Sr =CE T IS EX]T$ 0! ICE 9 ? APP>5TLYr 9SIGNIFICANTR PROCESS IS /RIK+LY ATTE/$r AT ,T5AYA ,LAKE 0! L>GE SIZE (! B\LD]SRr 9 & ON ! ICE RAM"P4RNRNR RNRNR ,6RETURNr 6! EVID;ES ( GLACIAL ERO.N 9 ! ,T5AYAr ,BAS93 ,!R WALLS1 ! SLOPES1 &! FLOORS (r SOLID GRANITE ALM "EY": >E ABRAD$R #bdar 6SMOO?-FL[+ CURVES4 ,OV] 3SID]A# >1S !Yr / RETA9 ! POLI%1R /RIAE1 & GROOVES T 7r IM"P$ 6!M 0! ROCK FRAG;TS HELD BYR !r SL[-MOV+ ICE MASS4 ,9DE$1 NEXT 6! UPP]r ,M]C$ ,BAS9 ! ,T5AY> ,BAS9 (F]S ! MO/r IMPRESSIVE EXHIBIT ( GLACI,Y-WORN ROCK Tr IS R1DILYR A3ESSI# 9 ! ,HI< ,SI]RA4 ,"Sr (! POLI%$ & GL1M+ GRANITE IS TOR 2 SE5 Fr ! 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OLD] ROCKS T =M]LY RO($ OV] !r GRANITE A FEW REMNANTSR / EXI/ 9 !r VIC9;Y ( ,MAY ,LAKE4 ,! RIDGE T 5CLOSESr ! LAKE BAS9R ON ! EA/ SIDE 3SI/S 9 "P (r BR[N QU>TZITE & :ITE M>#1 & !R SLOPE (r ,M.T ,H(FMANN IMMLY ABV ! LAKE IS -POS$r ( SIMIL>R MAT]IALS4 ,! QU>TZITE IS ANr ANCI5T S&/"O T 0 ALT]$ & MAD] CRY/ALL9Er 0! 9T5SE PRESSURE & H1T 6: X 0 SUBJECT$r :5 !R /RATA 7 FOLD$ Z ! E>LI] M.TA9r SY/EM >OSE4 ,! M># 0 PRODUC$ 0! SAMEr PROCESS F LIME/"O4 ,! S&/"O ORIG9AT$r PROBABLYR Z S& ON ! %ORE (! 3T95T1 &!r LIME/"O 0 BUILT UP Z A REEFR 0CORALS &r ALGAE 9 A %ALL[ SEA4RNRNR RNRNR ,X MAYr SEEM SURPRIS+ T ^! REMNANTS ( QU>TZITE &r M># O3URR AT ! BASE ( ,M.T ,H(FMANN & Nr ON XS SUMMIT1 : 3SI/S ( PUR] #bdfr GRANITE4 ,! EXPLAN,N IS T A L>GE BODY (r ^! METAMORPHIC ROCKS HUNGR D[N F ! RO(r 96! FLUID GRANITE1 =M+ A DIVID+ WALL 2Tr TWOR UPWELL+ MASSES4 ,( T WALL ONLY !r L[] POR;NS REMA91 ! UPP] POR;NS HAV+ L;Gr S9CE BE5 DE/ROY$ TGR )! 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SAME ANCI5Tr UNDULAT+ L&SCAPE4 ,! ACUM9ATE P1K (r ,M.TR ,DANA IS ! MO/ PROM95T HILL ( ALL1r B EV5 X RISES ONLY #GJJ FEET ABVR R R !r PLAT=M AT XS EA/ BASE4 ,6^? :O H F/H&r ACQUA9T.E )R ^! CRE/S X IS R1DILY #cjhr EVID5T T _! TABUL> SUMMITS1 : DECL9Er /1DILYR NOR?W>D )! 5TIRE BODY (! RANGE1r REPRES5T ISOLAT$ REMNANTS ( > ONCEr 3T9U\S L&SCAPE ( MOD]ATE RELIEF1 ANr ANCI5T L[L& N[ RAIS$ TOR GRT HEIILY )! SU3ESSIVE UPTILT+S (! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA &! CYCLESR ( ERO.N T 7 9ITIAT$r 0!M4 ,B ":1 Y W PROBABLY ASK1 IS !Rr RECORD ( ^? UPLIFTS 6BE F.D8 ,9 !r F1TURES (! L&SCAPE XF4 ,PROFESSORr ,LAWSON 0 ! F/ 6SPELL \ ! PR9CIPALr *APT]S ( T HI/ORYR F AN ANALYSIS (!r L&SCAPE (! UPP] ,K]N ,BAS91 & T CLASSICRr ANALYSIS W "H 2 FOLL[$1 ?\< ) C]TA9r MODIFIC,NS & A4I;NSR 9DICAT$ 0! M -PLETEr K N[ AT H&#.C;RNRNR RNRNR ,2 X OBS]V$1 9r ! F/ PLACE1 T ,M.T ,:ITNEY \TTOPS 0FULLYr ON] ?\S& FEET ALL ! O!R M.TA9S 9 XS IMMr NEI;Y 9 HEID OV] ,M.T ,:ITNEY & ,M.Tr ,"Y4 ,X IS LIKEWISE PAT5TR F ! 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SECOND UPLIFT &! 3SEQU5Tr FUR!R GA9 9R HEILY >E REMNANTS (A =M] FLOOR (!r ,K]N ,BAS9 T WASR DEVELOP$ 6GRT BR1D?r DUR+ AN ERO.N CYCLE FOLL[+ A ?IRDr UPLIFT4 ,!R MAGNITUDE ( T UPLIFT AL C1 =r ! PRES5T1 ONLY 2 E/IMAT$ R\r SUMMIT1 REPRES5TS ! SAME ANCI5T L&SCAPEr SURFACE Z ,M.T ,:ITNEY & O!R SUMMITS ONr ! ,MUIR ,CRE/1 T5 MILES 6! EA/4 ,MILE/"Or ,M.TA9 9 ! MI4LE 4T.E )! ,R$ ,SPUR ON !r SKYL9E47'RRNR R R RRNR R ,TA# ,M.TA9 ONr ! ,GRT ,WE/]N ,DIVIDE1 ) XS G5TLY SLOP+r TABUL> SUMMIT1RRNR REPRES5TSR ! SAMEr ANCI5T L&SCAPE SURFACE Z ,M.T ,:ITNEY &r O!R SUMMITS ONRRNR ! ,MUIRR ,CRE/1 T5r MILES 6! EA/4 ,MILE/"O ,M.TA9 9 ! MI4LEr 4T.E ) !RRNR ,R$ ,SPUR ONR ! SKYL9E4Rr RRNRRNR R CANYON 2L ! FLANK+ B5*ES #cacr (! ,*AGOOPA CYCLE#BJJJ 6#BEJJ FEETRr AF=DS1 N"E!.S1 NO 9DEX (! MAGNITUDE (!r UPLIFT1 = T EV5TR O3URR$ B A %ORT "Tr AGO1 9 ! GEOLOGIC S5SE1 &! RIV] HAS Nr YETR _H SU6ICI5T "T 6TR5* DEEPLY4 ,!r CYCLE ( ERO.N />T$ 0! UPLIFTR IS / 9r FULL SW+ TD1 &! 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PRES5Tr BROAD ;,U-%APE (R R R ,:ITNEY ,CANYON 0r EVOLV$ 0GLACI,N F A RELATIVELY N>R[r PREGLACIALR ;,V-%APE1 B S ?OR\?S CRU/ T RESULT$ 9 ! =M,N (!r IMPOS+R EA/]N FRONT (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA4r ,OP9IONS ( GEOLOGI/S / DI6] Z REG>DSR !r PRECISE NATURE ( T 4LOC,N1 B X SEEMSr PROBA# F ! LATE/ FIELDR DATA N[ AT H&1 Tr X 3SI/$ 9 ! MA9 (A S9K+ ( ,[5S ,VALLEYRr 2T P>ALLEL FAULTS AT ! BASES (! ,SI]RAr ,NEVADA &! ,9YO ,RANGE2R AL1 T ?r SUBSID;E O3URR$ AF ! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA _Hr ATTA9$ APPROXIMATELY XS PRES5T HEIS 9 L5G?4RNRNRr RNRNR ,:ILE X 0 ?US GR[+1 ! EA/]N FRONTr (! ,SI]RA ,NEVADA 0 3/ANTLY SUBJECT TOr ERO.N1 ! M 9T5SE 2C ( XS /EEP;S1 & S ITRr 2CAME DEEPLY GA%$ 0CANYONS & GUL*ES4 ,!r EXT5T 6: X HAS BE5R 4SECT$ & WORN BACKr IS AT F/ DI6ICULT 6EVALUATE4 ,/&+ ON !r EXTREM] SUMMIT ( ,M.T ,:ITNEY1 AT ! BR9Kr ( XS GRT EA/-FAC+ CLIFF1 "O IS #cafr APTR 6GA9 ! IMPRES.N T ! FAULT FRACTUREr IS "R AT "OS FEET1 YET X IS MANIFE/ F !r PROJECT+ SPUR T T]M9ATES 9 ,L"O ,P9Er ,P1K1 & F !R L;G SPURS 6! EA/ ( ,M.Tr ,LANGLEY1 ALL ( : BE> REMNANTS ( ANCI5TRr ERO.N SURFACES1 T ! ORIG9AL FAULTr ESC>P;T M/ H /OOD AT L1/ F\RR OR FIVEr MILES EA/ ( ,M.T ,:ITNEYS SUMMIT4RNRNRr RNRNR ,/R1M ERO.N ON ! EA/]N FRONT (!r RANGE 0 SUPPLE;T$ AT L1/R TWICE 0GLACIALr ERO.N1 MO/ VIGOR\SLY AT ! H1DS (!r CANYONS & GUL*ES1R LESS S T[>D _! L[]r 5DS4 ,CAPACI\S CIRQUES 7 DEVELOP$ ON !r NOR!RLY & EA/]LY SIDES (! P1KS1 & Z !r CURV+ CIRQUE WALLS REC$$R "U ! -B9$r ATTACKS ( QU>RY+ GLACI]S & ROCK-SPLITT+r FRO/S1 !YR BIT DEEP] & DEEP] 96! BODY (!r ,MUIR ,CRE/1 DE/ROY+ ! OLD PREGLACIALRr SLOPES & SPURS1 C>RY+ AWAY EV5 ! MA9r DIVIDE1 Z 9 ! /RET*R 2T ,M.T ,:ITNEY &!r ,:ITNEY ,PASS1 ": ONLY ! WE/]N SLOP] N[r REMA9S4 ,9 "S PLACES1 Z 6! S\? ( ,M.Tr ,LE ,CONTE1 ! 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BULK ( _! :ITE BURD54RNRNR RNRNR ,!r SIDES ( ,M.T ,:ITNEY1 9 S F> Z !Y RISEr ABV ! LEVEL ( !R ANCI5T GLACI]S1 >Er FURR[$ 0P>ALLEL OR 3V]G+ GULLIES1 Z M* Zr #EJ;R OR EV5 #AJJ FEET 9 DEP?4 ,": ^! >Er SPAC$ AT CLOSE 9T]VALS1 !Y >] SEP>AT$r ONLY 0%>P1 CRA7Y ROCK-RIBS1 &! CLI6S H Ar 4T9CTLY FLUT$R APPE>.E 9 3SEQU;E4 ,^!r GULLIES1 X IS N[ R1LIZ$1 H BE5 WORN1R Nr 0/R1MS ( WAT]1 B 0AVALAN*ESS ( SN[ %OD )r ROCKS4 ,!Y >E1R 9DE$1 "*I/IC =MS (r AVALAN*E SCULPTURE T H N UNTIL REC5TLYRr BE5 RECOGNIZ$ Z S* 9 ? C.TRY4 ,! #cbar BOTTOMS ( ^! GULLIES >E SMOO?LYR 3CAVE1r Z A RESULT (! RASP+ AC;N ( FREQU5Tr AVALAN*ES1 & REM9DR "O ( COAL *UTES S* Zr >E US$ =! UNLOAD+ ( COAL C>S OR COALr TRUCKSR 0GRAV;Y4 ,! T]M SN[ *UTES 7ORr P]H AVALAN*E *UTES7 "!=] SEEMSr APPROPRIATE = !M4RNRNR RNRNR ,SN[ *UTESr >E NUM]\S ON BO? ! NOR? & WE/ SIDES (r ,M.T ,:ITNEY1 B ^? ON ! WE/ SIDE >Er DEVELOP$ ON ! GR&E/ SCALE4 ,/ MOR]r P]FECT1 ?\< P]H LESS DEEP1 >E ! SN[r *UTES ON ! NOR? SIDE ( ,M.TR ,HIT*COCK &r 9 ! CIRQUE AT ! 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